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Our old, rugged cross
I hope Hamilton is here forever. But if, for any reason (climate change, asteroid collision, the leachate from Adam Sandler movies), humankind must move to a new home in the stars, let there be at least one thing left of our city.
One thing remaining to greet the aliens when they happen upon our ghost planet, many eons hence, from which they can deduce what kind of creatures we were who once inhabited this particular niche of the Earth.
Our Cross of Lorraine.
You may not be aware of it. It doesn’t shine through the night sky from the escarpment anymore. But it did.
To a young Erica Read, who grew up on the Mountain, the lit cross was the beacon that pulled her safely home after car trips with the family. She’d see it from the 403 — “a little girl half asleep in the family station wagon, a woody, no less” — and feel the comforting, protective nearness of the familiar.
She didn’t know then what she knows now, what she shares with the Grade 5/6 class she teaches at Holbrook School. The Cross of Lorraine is a symbol of our once desperate fight against tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis may seem a distant cause. But Hamilton’s record of care, sacrifice and asylum for the very weakest, embodied in the vast Sanatorium lands on the Mountain brow, is one of the noblest chapters in this city’s history. And, perhaps, it prefigures our ongoing evolution from steel city to health care/social services city.
Thousands came to the Sanatorium. Many never left. Tubercular patients from the Far North, places such as Cape Dorset, were brought here for care and gave us their great Inuit tradition of soapstone carvings.
The Cross of Lorraine went up in 1953 at the end of Sanatorium Road. It’s at the edge of the now hotly debated brow condominium development lands.
“The land holds special meaning for my class, as we attend school at Holbrook,” says Erica. “The school is named after (Sanatorium head) Dr. J. Howard Holbrook, a wonderful doctor who ushered in many innovative practices to make the lives of patients more bearable. Two portraits of him grace our building, and the Grade 1 students are convinced his eyes follow them through the halls.”
I visited Erica’s class last week, and we met again at the cross. It’s beautiful in a melancholy way, rising high into the air, its sturdy heraldic double bars still equal to the symbolic weight they carry, but rusted, obscured by foliage and the neon dried in its veins. It’s like a great proud bell but with no tongue to sound its knell.
On this day, Erica’s students were the lights of the cross. They’ve been there several times, thanks to Erica, and it means things to them.
They long to see it shine again.
Several of the students — Kevin Macleod, Michael Ding and Mohan Kennedy — note how it overlooks McMaster Hospital, how patients there would see it through their windows if it were lit. They’re very perceptive.
“They’d look out and know something’s over them. It’s a beacon, from Hamilton to the world,” says Mohan.
“It’s a landmark, something special just to Hamilton,” says Miranda Dalgetty.
“If it was ever torn down, we’d lose part of our history,” says Kyle Mesaglia.
Our cross tells the world that once we cared enough to take in the oft-shunned, at the cost of putting ourselves at risk of infection. Is that a metaphor for what Hamilton is today? Are we still the kind of people who can light up the Cross of Lorraine?
Share your memories of the cross and the Sanatorium. If you know when the light went out, tell me. Should we urge city hall to light it up again? Be heard. Thanks, Holbrook Grade 5/6, for sharing your passion, and our history.
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Our old, rugged cross
Feel a chill? Brown fat's slimming you down
Fat people have less than thin people. Older people have less
than younger people. Men have less than younger women.
It is brown fat, actually brown in color, and its great appeal
is that it burns calories like a furnace. A new study finds
that one form of it, which is turned on when people get cold,
sucks fat out of the rest of the body to fuel itself. Another
new study finds that a second form of brown fat can be created
from ordinary white fat by exercise.
Of course, researchers say, they are not blind to the
implications of their work. If they could turn on brown fat in
people without putting them in cold rooms or making them
exercise night and day, they might have a terrific weight loss
treatment. And companies are getting to work.
But Dr. Andre Carpentier, an endocrinologist at the University
of Sherbrooke in Quebec and lead author of one of the new
papers, notes that much work lies ahead. It is entirely
possible, for example, that people would be hungrier and eat
more to make up for the calories their brown fat burns.
"We have proof that this tissue burns calories - yes, indeed it
does," Carpentier said. "But what happens over the long term is
unknown."
Until about three years ago, researchers thought brown fat was
something found in rodents, which cannot shiver and use
heat-generating brown fat as an alternative way to keep warm.
Human infants also have it, for the same reason. But
researchers expected that adults, who shiver, had no need for
it
and did not have it.
Then three groups, independently, reported that they had found
brown fat in adults. They could see it in scans when subjects
were kept in cold rooms, wearing light clothes like hospital
gowns. The scans detected the fat by showing that it absorbed
glucose.
There was not much brown fat, just a few ounces in the upper
back, on the side of the neck, in the dip between the
collarbone and the shoulder, and along the spine. Although mice
and human babies have a lot more, and in different places, it
seemed to be the same thing. So, generalizing from what they
knew about mice, many researchers assumed the fat was burning
calories.
But, notes Barbara Cannon, a researcher at Stockholm
University, just because the brown fat in adults takes up
glucose does not necessarily mean it burns calories.
"We did not know what the glucose actually did," she said.
"Glucose can be stored in our cells, but that does not mean
that it can be combusted."
A new paper in The Journal of Clinical Investigation by
Carpentier and his colleagues answers that question and more.
By doing a different type of scan, which shows the metabolism
of fat itself, the group reports that brown fat can burn
ordinary fat and that glucose is not a major source of fuel for
these cells. In the study, the subjects - all men - were kept
chilled, but not to the point of shivering, which itself burns
calories. Their metabolic rates increased by 80 percent, all
from the actions of a few ounces of cells. The brown fat also
kept its subjects warm. The more brown fat a man had, the
colder he could get before he started to shiver.
On average, Carpentier said, the brown fat burned about 250
calories over three hours.
But there is another type of brown fat. It has been harder to
study because it often is interspersed in the white fat and
does not occur in large masses. Investigators discovered it in
mice years ago. Now, in a recent article, Bruce Spiegelman,
professor of cell biology and medicine at the Dana-Farber
Cancer Institute, and his colleagues report that, in mice at
least, exercise can make it appear, by turning ordinary white
fat brown.
When mice exercise, their muscle cells release a newly
discovered hormone that the researchers named irisin. Irisin,
in turn, converts white fat cells into brown ones. Those brown
fat cells burn extra calories.
"What I would guess is that this is likely to be the
explanation for some of the effects of exercise," Spiegelman
says. The calories burned during exercise exceed the number
actually used to do the work of exercising. That may be an
effect of some white fat cells turning brown.
Almost everyone of normal weight or below shows this brown fat
if they are chilled, although individuals vary greatly in how
much they have. But this brown fat almost never shows up in
obese people. Is that one reason they are obese, or is their
extra body fat keeping them so warm that there is no reason to
turn on their brown fat?
As for deliberately making yourself cold if you want to lose
weight, Carpentier said, "there is still a lot of research to
do before this strategy can be exploited clinically and
safely."
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Feel a chill? Brown fat's slimming you down
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