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You have, no doubt, heard of the keto diet before, but did you know that there is more than one way to follow the diet? Yes, the principles of the diet might be the same (low carb, high fat), but there are a few more specific diet plans that fall under the keto umbrella that you can follow, including one called "Lazy Keto."

If you're interested in trying Lazy Keto, or are just simply intrigued by the name, stay tuned. We consulted health experts to get all the information to see if Lazy Keto is right for you.

Lazy Keto is pretty much what it sounds like. It's a more relaxed version of the diet, one that focuses on simply eating low carb, rather than tracking all of your macros like calories, protein, etc. Typically, those on this low carb diet limit their intake to between 20-30 grams, said kuudose founding RD Aja Gyimah, MHSc. For context, your typical keto diet will let you have no more than 20 grams of carbs per day.

Another popular variant of the keto diet is "Dirty Keto," which essentially means having no regard for how "healthy" a food is, but still tracking macros and keeping it extremely low carb, as to aim for ketosis. While both diets give you a bit more flexibility than traditional keto, both have their drawbacks.

The biggest differences between the two, according to our experts, are that you don't need to track macros on the Lazy Keto diet and that, in theory, you wouldn't be eating quite as much processed food on the Lazy Keto diet as you do on Dirty Keto. However, because both diets are fairly flexible, what they look like for each individual person will vary.

Following Lazy Keto means there are fewer things to track and fewer restrictions. It can be a good option for someone looking to go low-carb lifestyle, but who either are easing off keto or looking for something a bit more flexible. It can also be good for those who want something they'll be able to follow for a longer time, said Miriam Christie MS, RD, LD.

"Someone who is experienced at keto and is looking for a more long term low-carb diet allowing for more flexibility may take on lazy keto," Christie said.

For what it's worth, some people really do swear by the diet and have boasted huge weight loss from it.

Because the diet isn't super strict about carbs, it's unlikely you'll reach ketosis, the coveted mode your body goes into when you eat so low carb that you begin to produce ketones and burn those for energy instead. Especially if you've never gone keto before, Christie pointed out, you might not know exactly how to go about it.

Another drawback is that because you don't have to track macronutrients on this diet, it can be easy to skimp out on key ones that you need.

"By cutting out almost an entire food group, there is a risk that you might not be getting enough nutrients," said Gyimah said: "Some nutrients to look for in non-carbohydrate foods include vitamin D, calcium, selenium, magnesium and zinc. I dont recommend taking a supplement for each of these vitamins, but make sure you are getting these nutrients from non-carbohydrates foods like mushrooms, nuts, fish, tofu, and leafy greens."

And just like keto, this diet is still fairy restrictive. Experts also reiterated that any time you essentially cut out a whole group of foods from your diet you should pay attention to your body and talk to your doctor before going all in.

"Before starting any keto diet, do your research," Gyimah said: "Successfully going keto requires a lot of planning and you want to make sure that youre still eating nutrient-rich foods. Talk to a registered dietitian before making the switch!"

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Thinking About Going Lazy Keto? Here's What You Need To Know Before You Start - Delish

I think diets for weight loss is one of the most talked about subjects, and everybody has their own opinion. When I first started to research I realized that actually each one of us has our own special diet, which is basically our own way of eating. We might change it every once in a while, some of us more often. Some people, however, choose to follow very strict diets, maybe for health reasons or maybe for other reasons. Heres examples of three of these diets.

The first is the one meal a day diet (OMAD). Its also known as The Warrior Diet and was first introduced by Ori Hofmekler. It is an intense way of eating with only one meal each day, ideally consuming that one meal within a one hour eating window. That means that you are fasting for 23 hours each day. During these 23 hours fast your blood sugar will most likely be low which can help promote fat loss, although if you are not careful it can lead to muscle loss as well.

You can imagine, of course, that for many people it would be difficult to eat enough nutrients in just one meal. So many people, however, are gaining back their health by following this strict diet. It creates discipline, but for some it can create malnutrition in the long term, especially if you are not careful what are you eating during the one hour eating time. I personally practice OMAD once or twice each week.

The second example is every other day fasting, or alternate day fasting. Its also known as the fast diet and was first popularized by the British journalist Michael Mosley, who made the BBC documentary Eat, Fast and Live Longer. With this approach you eat normally one day, and then the next day you consume a meal of only around 500 to 800 calories, depending on your size. It is a powerful tool for some people for lowering blood sugar, reversing diabetes, and improving body composition, and can help increase life quality. I personally didnt experience this diet yet, although I do practice regular prolonged fasting which can be anywhere between 48 to 72 hours, because I believe that this can be very beneficial.

The third example is the strict carnivore diet. The may be the craziest one or all for most of us, as it involves eating only animal products. That means no plants, which means no vegetables and no fruits, instead it allows only animal food sources such as organ meats, beef, pork, chicken, fish, eggs, raw dairy, etc. I know it sounds a little crazy, so why do so many people follow this approach? I do actually know many people who have improved their health dramatically and even completely healed themselves with this diet, even from serious health conditions. You can see it really as the ultimate elimination diet. And animal foods do actually have all nutrients that we need. Of course, I understand that some of you do not want to eat animal food at all. It is your body and your life, so I am certainly not suggesting anyone to follow just one way of eating. My goal is to show that we have a lot of options and different ways of eating, and of course you should know best which is the most suitable one for you, your lifestyle and your body type.

I personally didnt experience the carnivore diet yet, although I am planing to experiment soon for a month. I dont think that I will stick to it for a longer period because I love fruits, veggies and variety in my diet.

All ways of eating are absolutely fine, if the individual is willing to follow it and sees benefits. However, all of them have some type of calorie restriction. Ultimately we all want to be healthy and fit so if an unusual approach is the correct one for you then why not? Understanding your own body and giving your body what it needs at any given time is more important than following a specific community or dieting approach.

Remember, actually nobody knows which one is the best for you. I know a lot of us want someone to just say eat this and do this and it will work perfectly, but that is not even close to the truth. I personally suggest, based on my own experience and what I have seen with my clients too, that you need to try an approach by yourself for a while. Dont be too strict about it, and if it works for you then thats perfect, if not then you can try something else. Living healthy and happy doesnt have to be complicated, just follow your intuition. Although when I say that many people may reply oh my intuition tells me to eat popcorn and watch TV! However, this is not your intuition talking this is your belief and intention, but deep down you know that that is not what you need to be doing. Start to invest your healthy future now!

Resources

w https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2121099/

w https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042570/

w https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/pdfExtended/S1550-4131(19)30429-2

Ayda Ersoy, Nutritionist (Dip.C.N., Dip.S.N.), Master Trainer (CPT ACE, NCSF, CanfitPro), Registered Yoga Teacher, Founder, Health Angel Nutrition, Fitness and Wellness, Founder, SMS (Stability, Mobility Strength) Intuitive Training System.

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Extreme diets that you may not have heard of - Thegardenisland.com

SEATTLE, WA / ACCESSWIRE / July 8, 2020 / Neuwave Technology Inc. initiates the development plan for ObeEnd. The project team consists of dozens of healthcare experts, with the goal to create an innovative wearable technology. ObeEnd would be a wristband that uses neuromodulation to help users overcome obesity.

Background of neuromodulation. Neuromodulation is the alteration of nerve activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus, such as electrical stimulation or chemical agents, to specific neurological sites in the body. Neuromodulation works by either actively stimulating nerves to produce a natural biological response or by applying targeted pharmaceutical agents in tiny doses directly to site of action.

ObeEnd would use targeted neuromodulation technology via precise electric stimulating on acupuncture point PC6 to control body weight. ObeEnd's developmental plan revolves around the following objectives:

1.Energy balance. With the increase in prevalence of obesity among both adults and children in the U.S., future generations are at risk of avoidable obesity-induced pathologies. In order to reduce obesity, it is important to control the balance between one's energy intake and energy expenditure.1 This could be achieved via targeted neuromodulation, which would lead to improved control of body weight.

2.Appetite reduction. ObeEnd would be an innovative fitness tracking device. While monitoring the physical activities of its users, it would be designed to use targeted neuromodulation to control the user's appetite. Through this high precision electrical stimulation, several activities involved in energy-intake, including gastric acid secretion and stomach peristalsis, could be significantly reduced (gastric acid output decreased by 30.5%).2,3 Gastro myoelectrical activity (period dominant frequency, PDF), another important factor in energy in-take, has been shown to be decreased by up to 78%.4 Several studies have demonstrated that, by reducing these activities via carefully administered neuromodulation, there could be increased control over long term appetite, leading to significant reduction in BMI, lipid mass, and waist size.3,5,6

3.WAT browning. Human body fat is composed of two types: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT the form of stored body fat that leads to obesity. BAT on the other hand, is responsible for generating heat within the human body via thermogenesis. Therefore, converting WAT into BAT would be an effective method to reduce obesity. This is also shown to be achievable via electrically stimulated expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), which is responsible for heat generation, body temperature regulation, and body weight control.7

Story continues

4.Post-exercise recovery. In addition to controlling energy intake via diet, it is also imperative to maintain regular energy expenditure. Enhancing exercise performance and promoting post-exercise recovery are two factors that are important in sustaining regular exercise habits. Electroacupuncture stimulation has been demonstrated to significantly improve both exercise performance and post-exercise recovery for athletes.8 ObeEnd would be designed to achieve this effect via its neuromodulation on acupuncture point PC6, in addition to tracking fitness activities of its users for optimal performance.

Obesity has become a global issue that affects over one billion people worldwide.9 it is responsible for numerous physiological consequences that could be avoided with adjustments in one's daily routine. Reduction in body weight has been shown to decrease risk of diabetes by 58%.7 By combining neuromodulation with fitness tracking, ObeEnd would be designed to remove common roadblocks to successful weight loss: poor diet control and lack of routine exercising. Users would receive the help they need to develop a long-lasting healthy lifestyle.

References

1.Spiegelman B, Flier J. Obesity and the Regulation of Energy Balance. Cell, Vol. 104, 531-543. 2001.2.Wu Y, Chen S, Pan L. Effect of Electroacupuncture on Gastric Acid Secretion and Gut Hormones. The Second Hospital China Medical University. 1994.3.Martin B. Complementary Medicine Therapies That May Assist with Weight Loss: A Narrative Review. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. Vol. 18, 2. 2019.4.Shiotani A, Tatewaki M, Hoshino E, Takahashi T. Effects of Electroacupuncture on Gastric Myoelectrical Activity in Healthy Humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil. Vol. 16, 293-298. Health Administration Center, Wakayama University. 2004.5.Darbandi M, Darbandi S, Owji AA, Mokarram P. Auricular or body acupuncture: which one is more effective in reducing abdominal fat mass in Iranian men with obesity: a randomized clinical trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014.6.Wu B, Liu ZC. Xu B. Clinical observation on obesity and hyperlipidemia of liver qi stagnation and spleen deficiency pattern in female patients treated with combined therapy of acupuncture and tapping method. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2014.7.Shen W, Wang Y, Lu S, Hong H, Fu S, He S, Li Q, Yue J. Xu B, Zhu B. Acupuncture Promotes White Adipose Tissue Browning by Inducing UCP1 Expression on DIO Mice. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Vol 14, 501. 2014.8.Urroz P, Colagiuri B, Smith C, Cheema B. Effect of Acute Acupunture Treatment on Exercise Performance and Postexercise Recovery: A Systemic Review. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Vol. 19, 9-16. 2013.9.Zhang R, Tan J, Li F, Ma Y, Han L, Yang X. Acupuncture for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J. 2017.

Media Contact

Company Name: ObeEndPerson: Peter W.F. JiPhone:5105900789ObeEnd@hotmail.com

SOURCE: ObeEnd

View source version on accesswire.com: https://www.accesswire.com/596327/ObeEnd-Combines-Neuromodulation-with-Fitness-Tracking-to-Promote-Weight-Loss

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ObeEnd Combines Neuromodulation with Fitness Tracking to Promote Weight Loss - Yahoo Finance

Very rarely do diets encourage us to eat more to achieve weight loss rather we're told to cut back, reduce our portions and indulge less often.

For some of us though, especially those who are already pretty strict when it comes to diet and exercise, it's entirely possible that you may actually need to eat more in order to get the most out of your metabolism and your body.

So if you're not happy with the results your current diet regime is giving you, here are some of the telltale signs that you may actually need more calories to reach those weight loss goals you've set for yourself.

READ MORE: Sirtfood diet: The program behind Adele's staggering weight loss

Feeling hungry at regular intervals is the basic physiological signal that helps to ensure the brain and the body have easy access to the fuel they need to function optimally. While incessant hunger can suggest hormonal imbalance, never feeling hungry may suggest that the body has been chronically deprived of calories.

In this instance, over time the body has become used to storing calories, rather than efficiently burning them for fear of pending starvation. This can be commonly seen in individuals who severely limit calories for long periods of time, moving between one restrictive dietary regime to another.

So if you can't remember the last time you felt hungry, are a keen dieter, and routinely consume 1000 calories or less each day, it may be a sign your body requires more calories to adequately maintain metabolic rate.

READ MORE: Lose weight without trying with these supermarket shopping hacks

The good news is that it's easy to get back in touch with your natural hunger. All you need to do is increase the calorie content of the first two meals of the day, or eat your first meal earlier in the day, and then wait to feel hungry again, most likely 2-3 hours after the meal.

Busy lives can mean that meals and snacks take a back seat during the day before extreme hunger and overeating occurs throughout the afternoon and evening.

The issue with this eating pattern is that it is conducive to weight gain over time, simply because the human body is programmed to consume and burn more calories throughout the first half of the day.

Take control and ensure you're consuming at least half of your total calories by mid-afternoon by committing to eating at least two meals by 2pm-3pm each day. This will help to regulate your appetite and avoid overeating throughout the evening.

Whilst 1200 calories is frequently bandied about as the magic number of calories for weight loss, for individuals who are already fit, lean and exercising regularly, 1200 calories will be grossly inadequate to maintain metabolic rate long term.

Here, your body will be forced to break down muscle mass to adequately fuel the body, slowing metabolism and explaining the lack of hunger.

The average female who is exercising daily will need 1400-1500 calories each day at a minimum and you will find that increasing your calories slightly, especially in the first half of the day, will reignite your hunger, indicating your body is burning calories efficiently again.

READ MORE: How to take control of mindless snacking in isolation

Chronic calorie restriction, when coupled with regular high-intensity exercise, is closely associated with extreme fatigue, especially during training sessions.

In general we need at least 200-300 calories for every hour of intense training we do. This means if you are heading to the gym for an intense workout 1200 calories a day will not be enough, rather 1400-1500 is the minimum you'ill need if your goal is to burn excess body fat.

A weight-loss plateau may suggest that the body has become used to a new diet and exercise regime and change is required to support fat being metabolised.

This is particularly common when extreme calorie restriction has explained weight loss. Here 800 or 1000 calorie diets see relatively quick weight loss, before the body reduces metabolic rate to help buffer the perceived threat of starvation.

When you're losing weight, you can only keep calories low for so long before you will ultimately need to increase them to support continual weight loss. Here, increasing your intake by 200-300 calories at a time should reignite hunger and support the body in once again actively metabolising excess fat stores.

Author Susie Burrell is a leading Australian dietitian and nutritionist, founder of Shape Me, and prominent media spokesperson, with regular appearances in both print and television media commenting on all areas of diet, weight loss and nutrition.

12 healthy carbohydrate sources that fuel your body and help burn fat

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5 signs you may need to eat more - 9Coach

Healthy runners probably dont lend much thought to cholesterol numbers. But more than 12 percent of American adults over the age of 20 have high cholesterol (levels greater than 240 mg/dL), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)another 95 million people have borderline high total cholesterol levels. And since there are no direct symptoms associated with elevated cholesterol, you could very well be running around with levels that might be putting your long-term health at risk.

Its easy to assume that high cholesterol is an issue that only affects an older population. But the reality is that more people in their 40s and younger are seeing their cholesterol numbers creep up, especially as overweight and obesity levels continue to rise. Below, we explain what cholesterol is and what runners can do to keep it in check.

Cholesterol itself isnt a villain: This waxy, fat-like substance is made by your body and is also present in animal-based foods like dairy and beef. We use it for several vital bodily functionsincluding making hormones and in the production vitamin D. But when levels get too high, deposits can accumulate in your blood vessels leading to blockages that spiral into health concerns such as heart attack and stroke.

There are two main types of cholesterol you need to know about: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) is typically referred to as bad cholesterol, because it is the type that tends to build up in our arteries causing a narrowing that restricts blood flow and eventually leading to a heart attack or stroke. The lower your LDL cholesterol number, the lower your risk is to develop those health issues.

Theres also high-density lipoprotein (HD) cholesterol, which is typically referred to as good cholesterol. This type acts as a clean-up crew by shuttling cholesterol back to the liver, which then flushes it from the body and, in doing so, keeps it from building up as plaque in your arteries. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are desired, since it will help slash your risk for cardiovascular disease.

When your doctor draws blood from you to check your cholesterol levels, he or she will also likely measure triglyceridesa type of fat found in the blood that can also gunk up your arteries when its circulating in too high numbers.

Sometimes, you really cant blame yourself for having high cholesterol. Some people inherit genes from their parents that cause elevated numbersa condition called familial hypercholesterolemia.

But in many cases, lifestyle choices including exercise and diet play a huge role in helping keep cholesterol in check. A study published in JAMA found that a diet emphasizing known cholesterol-lowering foods resulted in a greater drop in LDL numbers over six months in adults than a diet geared toward simply reducing saturated fat intake. Plus, a report in the Journal of American College of Nutrition demonstrated a link between diet quality and nutrition-related biomarkers including HDL and total cholesterol. The better you eat the better the numbers.

To keep the cardiologist at bay, here are seven cholesterol-busting foods that you can add to your grocery list the next time you go shopping.

There is a good reason to go nuts for eating nuts. A recent study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition that reviewed previously published research found regularly consuming pistachios and walnuts is an effective dietary strategy for trimming down LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride numbers, making them ticker-friendly.

Similarly, researchers at Tufts University suggest that crunching our way through 1.5 ounces of almonds daily, compared to eating no almonds, can help lower risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including LDL and total cholesterol.

Nuts contain a high percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fats, which have been proven to reduce the amount of harmful LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream, says board-certified sports dietitian Jennifer ODonell-Giles. Monounsaturated fats are also anti-inflammatory and reduce the extent to which cholesterol adheres to artery walls causing reduced blood flow.

You can snack on a handful of these nuts and also toss them onto yogurt, salads, and oatmeal. But dont lose sight that nuts are calorie-densea single ounce of almonds has about 160 caloriesso its best to cap your daily portion at 2-ounces. However, ODonell-Giles stresses that recommended quantities depend largely on an individuals needs and goals. So if youre logging a lot of weekly miles, you likely can get away with crunching your way through more nuts. (Consult your doctor or sports dietitian for a more individualized diet plan.)

When it comes to the carbs you eat to fuel your miles, be sure to choose options like quinoa that deliver the whole nutritional package. Using data from more than 5,000 adults, researchers discovered that people who ate more whole grains like quinoa, brown rice, and whole-wheat pasta over 12 months experienced a drop in their triglyceride numbers and an increase in HDL cholesterol levels as opposed to those who ate more refined carbs.

Whole grains are high in fiber, specifically soluble fiber, which acts like a sponge soaking up free-floating cholesterol in the bloodstream and carrying it out of the body, thereby playing a crucial role in the reduction of blood cholesterol, says ODonell-Giles.

The old saying an apple a day keeps the doctor away seems to hold water. Well, at least if you bump it up to two fruits daily. In a 2020 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition study, 40 participants with mildly high cholesterol who consumed two apples each day for two months experienced some improvements in a handful of cardiovascular disease risk factors including reducing total and LDL cholesterol levels. No improvements were measured when a calorie-matched beverage was consumed. The study authors believe that the dynamic duo of antioxidants and fiber in the crispy fruit are behind these heart-friendly benefits.

To keep your heart pumping strong, consider embracing the trend of plant-based eating. Research shows that higher intakes of plant proteins such as tofu, lentils, and seeds can bring about improvements in heart health measures including lowering levels of both total and LDL cholesterol. On the other hand, eating more red meat can drive up triglyceride numbers.

The more plants we consume, the higher our fiber intake is, and as a result, the lower cholesterol levels will be, ODonell-Giles says.

Plant-based proteins are also naturally lower in saturated fat, and this could help keep cholesterol numbers in the healthy range. But you dont need to ditch meat completely to get the benefits. Just try to wedge more room in your diet for proteins from the vegetable kingdom, including beans and tempeh.

The heralded cholesterol-lowering effect of oatmeal has largely been attributed to its lofty amount of beta-glucan. Beta-glucan is a form of soluble fiber that absorbs LDL [cholesterol] and shuttles it from the body, while also lowering triglyceride production, says ODonell-Giles.

Current nutrition guidelines recommend getting at least 5 to 10 grams of soluble fiber, including beta-glucan, each day. (The average American likely gets about half that amount.) People often dont realize that the weight loss associated with higher fiber diets can be enough to drive down cholesterol. There is evidence that less processed forms of oat-based foods, such as hearty steel-cut oats or even old-fashioned rolled oats, are more effective at lowering cholesterol than if you just consumed isolated beta-glucan that is added as an ingredient to a packaged food.

A report in the Journal of Nutrition showed that adults who included one avocado in their diet each day for five weeks had lower levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol than when no avocado was consumed. This comes on the heels of other research that found the trendy fruit can help tamp down total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, especially if its fat that replaces saturated fat from foods such as beef and coconut. The nutritional heft of avocado, which includes monounsaturated fat, dietary fiber, and antioxidants like lutein, makes it a cholesterol crusher.

Higher intakes of anthocyaninspotent antioxidants found in deeply colored fruits including blueberries, blackberries, dark grapes, and cherrieshave been found to boost HDL cholesterol numbers while simultaneously trimming LDL numbers. Thats because anthocyanins have the power to reduce the activity of CETP, a type of protein that transfers cholesterol from HDL to LDL moleculeswhich is not a desirable outcome. So blend berries into your postrun smoothies, toss more of them on your cereal and yogurt, and use them to add a punch to green salads.

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This commenting section is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page. You may be able to find more information on their web site.

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Foods That Lower Cholesterol | How to Lower Your Cholesterol - Runner's World

GEMMA Collins has shared a photo of her licking Nutella straight from the jar while in her pyjamas.

The reality star recently wowed fans with her incredible three-stone weight loss - so deserved the chocolate spread treat.

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The Towie star wrote online: "OMG girls, I just love this print. Nutella and PJs, is there a better combination?"

The fashion influencer has slimmed down during lockdown and impressed followers with her transformation.

But a healthy lifestyle also requires some rewards.

The blonde beauty could be seen licking the spoon from the jar while wearing some of her own chic loungewear designs for In The Style Curve.

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The stunner also showed off her slimline legs as she modelled her "corona chic" playsuit with a matching mask.

The 39-year-old posed for her latest In The Style collection aimed at curvy girls.

She wrote on Instagram: "THE GC X @inthestylecurve is LIVE on the app babyyyyy.

"Its beautiful and so classy! Its a plus size exclusive sizes 16-28 , head to the app to shop and make sure you follow @inthestylecurve for your chance to win the collection too!"

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Calling out to all the "curvy babes", Gemma said she was revealing her new plus size exclusive PJ / lounge collection.

Gemma recently revealed toThe Sun Online, one of the main reasons she was losing weight is so she could become a mum by the time she turned 40.

The reality favourite has lost weight on the advice of doctors to help her get pregnant and she is already dreaming of life as a yummy mummy.

Gemma, who's known as The GC, told The Sun: I would love to have a child.

It would be great for me and such a positive message for all the girls out there who dont want to rush their life or their life has taken different a direction, like me whos put their career first.

Im going to be up there with them all Mariah Carey, Madonna, Kylie Minogue and Jennifer Aniston.

She explains: Ive got a fabulous doctor. I can definitely have a child, he just told me it would be easierwhen Im not carrying as much weight.

He gave me the confidence not to panic about it. He told me to lose a few stone and it will help me.

I am in a much better head space. It is easy to yo-yo when your life is all over the place.

Things are a lot calmer now Im cooking my own meals at home, riding my bike in the countryside and enjoying long walks. I am established. My career has gone above and beyond.

TIME'S UPPaula Wilcoxs arrival explained as Corrie teases Geoff Metcalfe twist

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LOCKDOWN IN THE DUMPEDHollyoaks' Nikki Sanderson splits from boyfriend after five years

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HEARTBROKENEmmerdale's Cain secretly watches over ex Moira as she fights for her life

KATE'S PAINKate Garraway says kids 'effectively lost their dad' & he nearly died six times

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Gemma has been with long-term on/off boyfriendJames for three year and who is recovering from cocaine addiction, as revealed in The Sun last month.

He laterthanked Gemma publicly for giving him tough loveat the height of his drug habit and not hiding it from his family.

Got a story? email digishowbiz@the-sun.co.uk or call us direct on 02077824220.

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Gemma Collins eats Nutella straight from the jar in her pyjamas after wowing fans with her three-stone weight - The Sun

Terry McLaurin, not Amari Cooper, was PFF's most valuable WR in the NFC East last season | NBC Sports WashingtonThis one advanced statistic proves how great of a rookie season Terry McLaurin had in 2019.

Shawn Springs cites Mahomes as example why Dwayne Haskins doesn't need to be shredded | NBC Sports WashingtonDwayne Haskins' offseason weight loss has Washington fans excited, but Shawn Springs is here to tell you a great quarterback doesn't have to be shredded.

Chase Young's latest workout defies the laws of gravity | NBC Sports WashingtonChase Young continues to have the most impressive workout sessions you may ever see.

Don't expect the Redskins and Brandon Scherff to agree to a long-term deal before July deadline, per report | NBC Sports WashingtonPer John Keim of ESPN, the Redskins and Brandon Scherff aren't looking like they're going to agree on a long-term extension before the July 7 franchise tag deadline.

Report: NFL proposed a potential 35% pay cut for players to offset losses from coronavirus pandemic | NBC Sports WashingtonThe NFL appears to begin negotiations with its players to take some pay cuts to help cover some losses upcoming for the 2020 season.

Sports business professor explains how Redskins could utilize temporary name change | NBC Sports WashingtonAn industry expert explains how Washington can navigate the logistical challenges of changing their name on such short notice.

Former Redskin Doc Walker believes there's an 'easy' fix for the team's new name | NBC Sports WashingtonESPN 980's Doc Walker believes that there's an easy fix for the Redskins name change.

D.C. Congresswoman will propose bill for RFK Stadium site as soon as Redskins change name | NBC Sports WashingtonDel. Eleanor Holmes Norton is prepared to bring a bill to Congress to buy the federal land that houses RFK Stadium in an effort to get a new facility built for the Washington football team. But not if it's still called the Redskins.

Walmart and Target have now pulled Redskins gear from their websites, too | NBC Sports WashingtonFirst, it was Nike. Now, Walmart and Target are following suit: Users on those websites wont be able to find any Redskins gear, because Redskins gear has been pulled from their online stores.

Andrew Brandt says near impossible to get new Redskins name before Week 1 | NBC Sports WashingtonRegardless if fans like the current name or want it changed, just on time alone the Redskins face a near impossible task to change their moniker in time for Week 1 of the 2020 NFL season.

Michael Wilbon says he won't be surprised if Dan Snyder is forced to sell Redskins | NBC Sports WashingtonAs the situation surrounding the Redskins continues to lose stability, ESPN's Michael Wilbon explained that he could see a scenario where team owner Daniel Snyder sells his controlling interest in the organization.

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Synthesis and structures of supported Pd catalysts

For comparative studies, monodisperse Pd particles with a diameter of ~5 nm were synthesized using oleylamine as a stabilizer (13) and then deposited on three different supports (Fig. 1A). A commercially available PPS powder, mesoporous silica SBA-15 (SiO2) (14), and a thermally cured PPS at 823 K (c-PPS) were used as soft organic, hard inorganic, and hard organic support, respectively. According to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the pristine PPS showed clear melting and crystallization behaviors at 569 and 524 K, respectively, whereas c-PPS did not (fig. S1). This means that PPS is composed of discrete mobile polymer chains, whereas c-PPS has a highly cross-linked framework. c-PPS showed a somewhat lower S/C elemental ratio (0.12) than the pristine PPS (0.17), indicating that parts of the sulfide linkages were removed during curing. To support 0.3 weight % (wt %) Pd, the support materials were dispersed in a hexane solution of Pd particles and sonicated for 12 hours at room temperature. After collecting the sample by filtration and washing with hexane, the remaining oleylamine on the Pd surface was carefully removed by the treatment with concentrated acetic acid (13). High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) revealed a uniform dispersion of Pd particles with a surface-averaged mean particle diameter (dEM) of 5.0 to 5.1 nm on all support materials (Fig. 1, B to D). Because all samples have the same Pd loading and particle size distribution, they can serve as the ideal model catalysts to unequivocally understand the catalytic effects of different metal-support interactions.

(A) Synthesis scheme. (B to D) HAADF-STEM images of Pd/PPS (B), Pd/SiO2 (C), and Pd/c-PPS (D). (E and F) Side-view TEM images and elemental mapping of Pd particles on PPS (E) and c-PPS (F) precoated on globular -Al2O3 particles.

H2 chemisorption on the Pd catalysts was carried out at 343 K to avoid the formation of -hydride phase (15). Pd/SiO2 showed an H/Pd ratio of 0.23, which corresponded to spherical Pd particles with a diameter (dchem) of 4.9 nm (15). The good consistency between the Pd particle diameters determined by electron microscopy (dEM = 5.1 nm) and chemisorption (dchem = 4.9 nm) confirmed the successful removal of oleylamine stabilizer from the Pd surface (13). In contrast, Pd/PPS showed undetectable chemisorption (H/Pd < 0.01), although oleylamine was removed by the same acetic acid treatment. This implied that the Pd surface was still covered by some strongly binding species. We postulated that even the mild sample pretreatment temperature for chemisorption experiments (373 K) induced the surface coverage of Pd particles with mobile PPS chains. The possible formation of bulk palladium sulfide phases via polymer decomposition could be excluded, because extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis showed only the presence of Pd-Pd coordination (coordination number: 9.24) and negligible Pd-S coordination (fig. S2 and table S1). Pd/c-PPS exhibited a slightly smaller chemisorption (H/Pd = 0.19) than Pd/SiO2 (0.23) presumably due to a minor Pd surface coverage with the polymer framework.

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to directly prove the Pd surface coverage by the polymer frameworks. To efficiently obtain the side-view images of Pd particles supported on PPS and c-PPS surfaces, we first coated PPS and c-PPS on globular -Al2O3 particles via melt coating and then supported the premade Pd particles (see Methods). The samples were treated similarly with acetic acid and then thermally treated in H2 at 373 K. As shown in TEM image and elemental mapping (Fig. 1E), the Pd particles supported on the PPS-coated -Al2O3 were fully covered with a thin layer of the polymer. On the other hand, the Pd particles supported on the c-PPScoated -Al2O3 (Fig. 1F) were mainly positioned on top of the polymer layer, showing only minor polymer coverage on the periphery of Pd particles. These results indicate that the mobile polymer chains of PPS could fully cover the surface of Pd particles at 373 K, while the cross-linked rigid framework of c-PPS exhibited only limited coverage. These results are consistent with the earlier chemisorption data.

To understand the temperature effect on the surface coverage of Pd particles with PPS chains, temperature-programmed H2-D2 exchange experiments were performed (Fig. 2A). Pd/SiO2 showed monotonically increasing HD formation with increasing temperature. Compared to Pd/SiO2, Pd/PPS showed substantially lower HD formation at the lowest temperature (313 K). This indicates that part of the Pd surface was already covered by PPS chains right after the catalyst preparation (note that final drying temperature during catalyst preparation was also 313 K). The HD formation over Pd/PPS slightly increased up to 353 K and then decreased to almost zero. The result indicates that the remaining fresh Pd surface was completely covered by PPS above 353 K. This temperature is close to the generally known glass transition temperature of PPS (358 K), where the polymer chains start having sufficient mobility. Pd/c-PPS showed monotonically increasing HD formation as in the case of Pd/SiO2. However, its HD formation was always smaller than that of Pd/SiO2, confirming that the Pd surface was partly covered by the polymer framework.

(A) Temperature-programmed H2-D2 exchange over Pd catalysts. The H2/D2 gas mixture (10-kPa H2, 10-kPa D2, 80-kPa Ar) was flowed over Pd/PPS, Pd/SiO2, and Pd/c-PPS during a temperature ramp of 2 K min1. a.u., arbitrary units. (B) MD simulation results showing that PPS chains can cover the Pd particle surface at 360 K (~glass transition temperature of PPS). Pd, C, H, and S atoms are shown in dark cyan, gray, white, and yellow, respectively.

To get insight into the Pd-PPS interaction at the atomistic level, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out for a Pd particle supported on the surface of crystalline PPS. Force-field (FF) parameters were carefully prepared to reproduce key physical parameters of PPS: experimental lattice parameters of crystalline PPS, quantum mechanical interchain interaction energy from density functional theory (DFT) calculations (fig. S3), and a glass transition temperature (fig. S4). FF parameters for Pd-PPS interaction was fitted using the DFT energetics (fig. S5), while interatomic interaction of the metal particle was described using the embedded-atom method (EAM) (16). When the MD simulation was performed at 300 K, PPS remained crystalline and the Pd particles still positioned on top of it (fig. S6). At 360 K (~glass transition temperature of PPS), the sulfide groups of PPS strongly interact with the Pd surface (interaction energy of ~22 kcal/mol per S), which provides a thermodynamic driving force to make PPS chains climb up the Pd particle surface (Fig. 2B). Sufficient thermal energy near the glass transition temperature appears to allow the PPS chains to overcome the interchain interactions and migrate to the Pd surface. When the temperature was cooled to 300 K again, the Pd surface still remained covered by PPS chains (fig. S6) because of strong Pd-PPS interactions.

Thermochemical stabilities of the metal-free PPS and Pd/PPS catalyst were investigated by thermogravimetric analysismass spectrometry (TGA-MS) under H2 atmosphere (fig. S7). The pristine PPS showed weight loss only above 673 K along with the generation of H2S, indicating its very high thermal stability compared to those of typical organic polymers. On the other hand, Pd/PPS showed a weight loss from a somewhat lower temperature (523 K). A small evolution of H2S was also detected at this temperature. This result indicates that the supported Pd particles can accelerate the degradation of PPS chains by catalyzing the desulfurization of sulfide linkages in the polymer backbone. Nevertheless, this result shows that Pd/PPS can be safely used up to 523 K under H2 atmosphere, which is adequate for various selective hydrogenation reactions (8, 17).

The prepared Pd catalysts were investigated for the partial hydrogenation of acetylene in an ethylene-rich stream (ethylene/acetylene = 82, H2/acetylene = 1.5) at 373 K. This reaction is very important in the petrochemical industry for removing acetylene impurity from ethylene, which would otherwise poison the downstream ethylene polymerization catalysts (8). In this reaction, high ethylene selectivity at complete acetylene conversion (>99%) is important for minimizing the ethylene loss. In industry, Pd-based catalysts have been widely used because of their high catalytic activity and good ethylene selectivity (9).

As shown in Fig. 3 (A to C), all Pd catalysts showed similar acetylene conversion as a function of contact time [1/weight hourly space velocity (WHSV)] and required the same minimum contact time (1/WHSV) of 4.83 hours for achieving full acetylene conversion (>99%). Pd/PPS exhibited substantially higher ethylene selectivity than Pd/SiO2 and Pd/c-PPS. Even when the contact time (1/WHSV) was excessively increased above 4.83 hours, high ethylene selectivity could be maintained (>65%) and H2 consumption did not increase noticeably above 80% (Fig. 3A). This means that ethylene was not substantially hydrogenated even after full acetylene conversion. In contrast, Pd/SiO2 (Fig. 3B) and Pd/c-PPS (Fig. 3C) showed a steadily decreasing ethylene selectivity (down to 30 and 34%, respectively) and increasing H2 consumption with increasing 1/WHSV. These results indicated that both Pd/SiO2 and Pd/c-PPS substantially hydrogenated ethylene when acetylene was largely consumed.

(A to C) Acetylene/hydrogen conversions and product selectivities over Pd/PPS (A), Pd/SiO2 (B), and Pd/c-PPS (C) as a function of 1/WHSV (reaction conditions, 373 K; 0.9-kPa H2, 0.6-kPa acetylene, 49.3-kPa ethylene, 0.6-kPa propane, 48.6-kPa N2; WHSV = 0.031 to 1.9 gacetylene gcatalyst1 hour1). (D to F) Long-term reaction data for Pd/PPS (D), Pd/SiO2 (E), and Pd/c-PPS (F) at the 1/WHSV of 4.83 hours.

Long-term reaction data at the 1/WHSV of 4.83 hours (i.e., minimum contact time enabling full acetylene conversion) are shown in Fig. 3 (D to F). Pd/PPS (Fig. 3D) showed complete acetylene conversion and stable ethylene selectivity (>65%) for 200 hours. In contrast, Pd/SiO2 (Fig. 3E) showed a rapid decrease in acetylene conversion (<75%) and ethylene selectivity (<22%) during the same period. This catalyst showed increasing selectivity to the full hydrogenation product, ethane, despite decreasing acetylene conversion. This means that the active sites for acetylene hydrogenation were deactivated, while the sites for preferential ethylene hydrogenation were newly generated during the reaction. To explain such behaviors, it was proposed that coke deposited on the catalyst surface can preferentially hydrogenate ethylene via hydrogen spillover (9). Pd/c-PPS (Fig. 3F) also showed a substantial decrease in acetylene conversion with reaction time, indicating gradual catalyst deactivation. Compared to Pd/SiO2, Pd/c-PPS showed a slower decrease in acetylene conversion and a more stable ethylene selectivity, indicating improved catalyst stability.

As explained earlier, the reaction temperature for acetylene hydrogenation (373 K) was high enough to induce the full coverage of the Pd surface with mobile PPS chains in Pd/PPS. Therefore, the superior ethylene selectivity and long-term stability of Pd/PPS are likely to originate from the formation of a unique Pd-PPS interface. Another important question regarding Pd/PPS is how the catalyst with no apparent hydrogen activation capability (i.e., negligible H2 chemisorption and H2-D2 exchange activity) could hydrogenate acetylene to ethylene in a similar rate to those of Pd/SiO2 and Pd/c-PPS with fresh Pd surfaces.

To understand the reaction mechanism over Pd/PPS, we carried out H2-D2 exchange experiments with and without co-injection of acetylene or ethylene at 373 K (Fig. 4). When a simple H2/D2 mixture was flowed over Pd/PPS (Fig. 4A), no HD formation was detected, confirming the absence of hydrogen activation capability. When acetylene was co-injected into the H2/D2 stream, a sudden formation of HD was observed along with the formation of ethylene (either deuterated or nondeuterated). These results indicate that H2/D2 cannot be activated (or dissociatively adsorbed) alone on the Pd surface but can be activated in the presence of co-adsorbed acetylene, thereby converting them into ethylene. This is a strong evidence indicating cooperative adsorption of acetylene and H2/D2 at the Pd-PPS interface. When ethylene was co-injected into the H2/D2 stream (Fig. 4D), no formation of HD and ethane was observed. This implied that cooperative adsorption of ethylene and H2/D2 did not occur.

(A to C) H2-D2 isotope exchange at 373 K over Pd/PPS (A), Pd/SiO2 (B), and Pd/c-PPS (C) with and without co-injection of acetylene. (D to F) H2-D2 isotope exchange at 373 K over Pd/PPS (D), Pd/SiO2 (E), and Pd/c-PPS (F) with and without co-injection of ethylene. Products were analyzed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. (G) MD simulation of acetylene adsorption on Pd/PPS, which shows that acetylene penetrates the void space between PPS chains and is adsorbed on the Pd surface, lifting the PPS chains and enlarging the pocket beneath them (C2H2 is indicated in magenta, and all other color codes are the same as in Fig. 2B).

These results can be interpreted that the acetylene-Pd interaction is strong enough to locally detach the PPS chains from the Pd surface, thereby providing accessible Pd sites for the adsorption of H2/D2. In contrast, ethylene-Pd interaction might be too weak to disturb the Pd-PPS interface. To support this postulation, we carried out DFT calculations to understand the adsorption thermodynamics of acetylene, ethylene, and hydrogen on the Pd surface (fig. S8), compared to that of diphenyl sulfide (a basic building unit of PPS; as an estimate of Pd-PPS interaction). The binding free energy (GB) of diphenyl sulfide was calculated to be 22.05 kcal/mol, which was between that of ethylene (GB of 7.75 kcal/mol) and acetylene (GB of 37.58 kcal/mol). H2 dissociative adsorption exhibited GB of 17.57 kcal/mol, indicating a less favorable adsorption than that of diphenyl sulfide. These DFT energetics confirmed that only acetylene can effectively compete with the diphenyl sulfide units of PPS for adsorption on the Pd surface. This was further confirmed by the fact that the Pd/SiO2 catalyst modified with diphenyl sulfide as a molecular promoter showed similar H2-D2 exchange behaviors to those of Pd/PPS (fig. S9). In addition to such thermodynamic aspects, it is also possible that the PPS overlayer further kinetically hindered the access of ethylene to the Pd surface. The kinetic diameter of ethylene (0.39 nm) is substantially larger than that of acetylene (0.33 nm), and its penetration through the PPS overlayer should be much slower. The gas permeability measurements through a commercial PPS film (100 m thickness) revealed that ethylene permeability (1.3 1011 mol m m2 s1 Pa1) is five times smaller than acetylene permeability (6.7 1011 mol m m2 s1 Pa1).

To better understand the structural reorganization of PPS chains on the Pd surface during acetylene adsorption, we additionally performed MD simulations. Acetylene adsorption on Pd was modeled using a Lennard-Jonestype pairwise potential between Pd and C of acetylene and selecting LJ parameters to reproduce the adsorption energy from DFT (fig. S10). From MD trajectories, we sampled an instance when the gas-phase acetylene was adsorbed onto the PPS-covered Pd surface. As shown in Fig. 4G, (i) a small acetylene molecule first penetrates the void space between PPS chains, (ii) is adsorbed on the exposed Pd surface while enlarging the void space further, and then (iii) is loosely covered by PPS chains to maximize van der Waals (vdW) interactions. This result implies that the adsorption of small acetylene molecules can generate accessible Pd sites for H2 adsorption (i.e., sites for H2-D2 exchange) by lifting the PPS chains and widening the pocket beneath them.

In the H2-D2 exchange experiments with Pd/SiO2 (Fig. 4, B and E) and Pd/c-PPS (Fig. 4, C and F), a substantial amount of HD was immediately formed during the flow of a H2/D2 mixture, indicating the presence of fresh Pd surface. When acetylene was co-injected into the H2/D2 stream, HD formation was substantially reduced, while ethylene and ethane were produced (Fig. 4, B and C). When ethylene was co-injected into the H2/D2 stream, HD formation was again decreased, while the production of ethane was detected (Fig. 4, E and F). The reduced HD formation with the co-injection of acetylene/ethylene is in clear contrast to the case of Pd/PPS (i.e., HD formation was markedly enhanced with the co-injection of acetylene; Fig. 4A). Such behaviors can be interpreted that the surface coverage of Pd by acetylene/ethylene reduces the number of available sites for H2-D2 exchange (hydrogen chemisorption). This means that the adsorption of H2/D2, acetylene, and ethylene is all competitive on the fresh Pd surface, which is in line with the classical Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism (1).

Repeated acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation cycles were additionally carried out under (i) 0.6-kPa acetylene/0.9-kPa H2 in Ar and (ii) 0.6-kPa ethylene/0.9-kPa H2 in Ar, respectively. Pd/PPS (Fig. 5A) showed complete acetylene hydrogenation in step (i), while showing negligible ethylene hydrogenation (<2%) in step (ii). Such behaviors could be fully reproduced over the three repeated cycles. The result indicates that the PPS layer covering the Pd catalyst surface reversibly switches the hydrogenation activity on and off, enabling exclusively the hydrogenation of acetylene. On the other hand, Pd/SiO2 (Fig. 5B) showed high conversion of not only acetylene (>90%) in step (i) but also ethylene (>70%) in step (ii). This result indicates that the fresh Pd surface of Pd/SiO2 allows unconstrained ethylene adsorption and its subsequent hydrogenation to ethane. Pd/c-PPS (Fig. 5C) showed intermediate behavior. Our experimental and theoretical investigations reveal that the PPS chains decorating the Pd surface can act like a membrane that selectively allows the cooperative adsorption of acetylene and hydrogen but not ethylene and hydrogen. Once acetylene is fully consumed, ethylene in the gas phase cannot be adsorbed on Pd, because PPS chains re-cover the Pd surface. Such a unique action of the PPS overlayer (Fig. 5D) can explain why Pd/PPS exhibited suppressed ethylene hydrogenation even after full consumption of acetylene in the ethylene-rich stream.

(A to C) Acetylene/ethylene conversions and product selectivities over Pd/PPS (A), Pd/SiO2 (B), and Pd/c-PPS (C) during repeated acetylene and ethylene hydrogenation cycles (reaction condition, 373 K; 0.9-kPa H2, 0.6-kPa acetylene or ethylene, 98.5-kPa N2; WHSV = 0.25 gacetylene or ethylene gcatalyst1 hour1). (D) Proposed scheme for the selective acetylene partial hydrogenation over Pd/PPS. (i) In the initial stage, PPS chains cover the entire surface of supported Pd catalysts due to strong Pd-PPS interaction. (ii) Acetylene, a strongly binding species on the Pd surface, can disturb the Pd-PPS interface and induce cooperative adsorption of H2. (iii) Once acetylene is hydrogenated to ethylene (i.e., weakly binding species on Pd), PPS chains are readsorbed on the Pd surface while repelling ethylene into the gas stream. (iv) After full conversion of acetylene, ethylene and H2 cannot be adsorbed on the Pd surface due to the stable Pd-PPS interface, thereby inhibiting the formation of a fully hydrogenated product, ethane.

In the long-term reactions (Fig. 3, D to F), Pd/PPS exhibited much higher catalytic stability than Pd/SiO2 and Pd/c-PPS. According to EXAFS and HAADF-STEM investigations (figs. S2 and S11 and table S1), all the catalysts did not show substantial chemical state change or sintering of Pd after the reaction. Catalyst deactivation in this reaction is known to occur due to the deposition of coke (i.e., unsaturated species, insoluble in organic solvent) and/or polymeric species, so-called green oil (i.e., saturated species, soluble in organic solvent), via hydropolymerization of acetylene (18). Earlier studies showed that coke is much more harmful than green oil for catalyst deactivation (18). In this regard, we collected the used catalysts at different time on streams and separately determined the amounts of green oil and coke (see Methods). As shown in Fig. 6A, Pd/PPS only accumulated less harmful green oil; more harmful coke deposition was not observed. Even the rate of green oil accumulation markedly slowed down after 100-hour reaction. On the other hand, Pd/SiO2 (Fig. 6B) and Pd/c-PPS (Fig. 6C) showed fast and steady accumulation of both green oil and coke. These results explain why Pd/PPS showed superior catalyst stability to those of Pd/SiO2 and Pd/c-PPS. The suppressed green oil and coke deposition in Pd/PPS implies that green oil/coke precursors (e.g., polyunsaturated olefins) might be repelled from the Pd surface before their polymerization/dehydrocyclization, because of the strong interaction between Pd and PPS chains (i.e., similar to the ethylene exclusion from the Pd surface).

(A to C) Amounts of green oil and coke deposited in Pd/PPS (A), Pd/SiO2 (B), and Pd/c-PPS (C) as a function of time on stream in acetylene hydrogenation (reaction conditions, 373 K; 0.9-kPa H2, 0.6-kPa acetylene, 49.3-kPa ethylene, 0.6-kPa propane, 48.6-kPa N2; 1/WHSV of 4.83 hours).

Elemental analysis of the used Pd/PPS after washing with dichloromethane to remove green oil showed undetectable sulfur loss, indicating the very high thermochemical stability of PPS. It is noteworthy that the Pd/SiO2 catalyst modified with diphenyl sulfide as a molecular promoter showed improved ethylene selectivity, similar to Pd/PPS at the beginning of acetylene hydrogenation (fig. S12). However, the catalyst showed rapidly decreasing acetylene conversion and ethylene selectivity with time on stream. Even after relatively short reaction time of 50 hours, no sulfur was detected in the spent catalyst by elemental analysis, whereas the fresh catalyst contained 0.45 wt % of sulfur. This could be attributed to the rapid leaching of diphenyl sulfide via evaporation at the reaction temperature (373 K; fig. S13). These results implied that monomeric diphenyl sulfide can play a similar catalytic role to that of polymeric PPS, although the former has a much lower thermochemical stability under the reaction conditions.

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Dynamic metal-polymer interaction for the design of chemoselective and long-lived hydrogenation catalysts - Science Advances

Get an overview of results from three NIDDK-funded studiesDPPOS, TEDDY, and SEARCHthat were recently shared at the American Diabetes Associations (ADA) virtual Scientific Sessions.

Findings from three studies provide new insight into preventing type 2 diabetes, potential triggers for type 1 diabetes in children, and glycemic control in todays youth with type 2 diabetes.

Study Shows Long-Term Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Is Possible

Long-term follow-up of more than 2,000 people enrolled in theDiabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) indicates a continued significant reduction in the participants risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The DPPOS sought to evaluate the long-term effects of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) interventions on type 2 diabetes and its complications.

The DPP established the success of either an intensive lifestyle change program or treatment with metformin to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in individuals at high risk for developing the disease. It found that lifestyle interventions, aimed at achieving weight loss, and metformin reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by 58% and 31%, respectively, compared to a placebo after an average of three years. Metformin, one of the most commonly used medications worldwide for treating type 2 diabetes, is currently not labeled by the FDA to prevent diabetes, although it is approved in other countries.

The newest results of the DPPOS indicate that prevention effects in the original lifestyle change group and metformin treatment group remain 22 years after the start of the study with a 25% and 18% reduced risk of diabetes, respectively, compared with the original placebo group.

I think it is important for providers and patients with prediabetes to know that even after 22 years, adults at a high risk for diabetes have continued to benefit from metformin or prior intensive lifestyle modification in preventing or delaying their risk of diabetes, said Christine Lee, MD, DPPOS project scientist and program director in NIDDKs Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases. In addition, other findings from the study presented at ADA highlight the importance of trying to further understand differences in how metformin or lifestyle modification work for select groups of adults at high risk for diabetes.

The DPP lifestyle intervention program is offered in communities across the U.S. through theNational Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP)by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and through The Medicare Diabetes Prevention Program (MDPP), supported by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, for Medicare beneficiaries.

For more information about the study, read the ADA press release.

Understanding Triggers of the Autoimmune Process Leading to Type 1 Diabetes in Children

Researchers from The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study, an international, multicenter trial researching the potential causes of type 1 diabetes in children, presented new results and information surrounding potential autoimmune "triggers" leading to type 1 diabetes and how they interact with genetic factors in children at-risk for developing the disease.

Children who have type 1 diabetes have certain types of genetic changes, but not all children who have those changes develop diabetes. Something from the environment "triggers" the immune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas that normally make insulin. TEDDY aims to discover viruses and nutritional factors that interact with genes to "trigger" the immune destruction of the beta cells, marked by islet autoantibodies appearing. The study enrolls infants "at-risk" for developing type 1 diabetes and follows them for 15 years to look for various beta-cell autoantibodies and diabetes to appear. TEDDY researchers have also found unique patterns of amino acids and lipids in children who later developed islet autoantibodies compared to those who did not, and have observed differences associated with the types of antibodies that developed first, and when they developed.

The incidence of type 1 diabetes is rising worldwide, especially in the very young, said Beena Akolkar, PhD, TEDDY project scientist and senior advisor in NIDDKs Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases. Early findings from the TEDDY study have shed light on the heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes and shown that there are two different types of disease, depending on which autoantibody appears first in the disease process. This has changed our understanding of type 1 diabetes in children.

For more information about the study, read the ADA press release.

Insight into the State of Youth with Type 2 Diabetes in the U.S.

Researchers revealed data from The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study, which found that despite the rise of available diabetes technology, new therapies, and more aggressive glycemic targets, today's youth and young adults with diabetes in the U.S. are not demonstrating improved glycemic control compared to their counterparts from years past. Most notably, many age groups have worse glycemic control compared to youth and young adults from 20022007.

TheSEARCH study began in 2000 and represents the largest, most diversestudy of diabetes in youth in the U.S., with more than 27,000 participants across racial and ethnic backgrounds from 10 different states.

Overall, youth and young adults with diabetes who had study visits between 2014 and 2019 had average A1C levels that were comparable to earlier SEARCH cohorts. However, current youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes in the 1014, 1519, and 2024 age groups continue to have worse glycemic control than the 20022007 cohort. Similarly, participants 25 and older with type 2 diabetes tended to have worse glycemic control relative to earlier time periods.

"These results suggest that not all youth and young adults with diabetes are directly benefiting from the increased availability of diabetes technology, newer therapies, and the use of more aggressive glycemic targets for youth with diabetes over time," said the study's lead author Faisal Malik, MD, MSHS,assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Washington School of Medicine, investigator at the Center for Child Heath, Behavior and Development at Seattle Children's Research Institute, and a pediatric endocrinologist at Seattle Children's Hospital. "Given the evidence highlighting the benefits of tight glycemic control, this study reinforces the need for interventions that combine the use of diabetes technology with effective behavioral and social approaches to improve A1C levels."

For more information about the study, read the ADA press release.

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New Findings from NIDDK-Funded Diabetes Research | NIDDK - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

By Ila Schepisi and Pamela B. Teaster

Schepisi is director, Virginia Tech Adult Day Services. Teaster is professor and director, Virginia Tech Center for Gerontology.

When the Commonwealth of Virginia went into lockdown, one reason was to protect the most vulnerable people living in facilities, isolating them from each other and from the outside. An image widely used was of residents and family members pressing their hands against glass. One commentator said that older people were red meat for the virus. From limited information that we think we know, more than 38,000 nursing home residents and staff have died from the virus. Early on, deaths of people in nursing homes were not counted. In the blur of early COVID-19 information, a headline warned that older people in facilities were being airbrushed out of existence.

As the coronavirus spread, caregivers of people with dementia still living at home were faced with two choices: (1) isolate to protect the physical health but risk a decline in cognitive function that could linger for years and physical declines that leave them weaker and at risk for nursing home placement, OR (2) continue in the community enjoying quality of life and functional maintenance but risk contracting a novel disease that could kill them in a matter of weeks. Residents of long-term care facilities didnt get a choice. Administrators locked down under the advisement of state and local government, believing that the drastic measure was critical to stop a potential and horrific spread.

At the beginning of the pandemic, the U.S. and other countries were grossly unprepared. At the foothills of the virus, there may have been a justified/expected time to lockdown and protect vulnerable older adults at all costs. However, like people who are free to walk outside, though physically distant, we suggest that it is time to begin conversations and develop comprehensive and safe strategies to relax the lockdown for (at least some) older adults living in facilities or attending adult day care. They are, after all, residents and citizens, not prisoners.

Like their younger counterparts, Older adults have the right to choose where they live and to direct their own destiny and help others through the pandemicfor example, serving as medical professionals, as grandparents, and as friends to others. For some older adults, the Impact of isolation on mental and physical health can be as dangerous as contracting a respiratory virus. When older adults are isolated from the outside world, a litany of events can occur: falls, general weakness, poor nutrition, lack of communication, depression, cognitive decline, and weight loss.

Older adults with the capacity and/or their appointed caregivers on their behalf should be able to choose quality of life over quantity of life. At least for older participants in our adult day services, most with dementia have designated a Do Not Resuscitate Order (DNR). These older adults recognize that they have more time behind them than in front of them, and that the years ahead will likely continue in a downward progression of dependence. They dont want a life prolonged in a suffering state. We ask the question and invite the conversationcould decline from isolation be prolonging life in a suffering state?

Strict medical models of long-term care provision presume physical safety above all else and take all possible measures to prevent death. We stress that not all older adults want all that can be done for them. Laws, research, and years representing the best thinking possible have evolved to create patient and resident rights providing the freedom to direct personal options for health care and habilitation.

We recognize that far too many people are dying alone in care facilities, deprived of the company of friends and family. We honor and applaud the valor of those providing care at facilities. Some care providers gave their lives to protect older residents. While healthcare teams are dedicated, present, and heroically doing their best, they cannot replace the presence of family and those with whom an older adult has shared a lifetime.

Continued isolation cannot be the new normal; humans, after all, are social creatures. A lockdown cannot continue for months and months on end. Should additional waves of the virus spread across the nation, swift and complete lockdown cannot be the knee jerk reaction. We call for the creation of innovative new plans that are taken seriously, rehearsed, ready, and in place so that we have better options for current and future emergencies. We assert that, by developing better plans now, while we are slowly opening back up, we can reduce the experience of hands pressed against glass.

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Schepisi and Teaster: Reduce hands against glass | Commentary - Roanoke Times

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