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In 2017, Ezra* was a high school senior and the co-captain of his cross country team in Maryland. It was only his second year competing on the boys team, having moved over from the girls team at the beginning of his junior season. He had been a star runner on the girls varsity team his freshman year, skipping junior varsity completely, and began coming out to his friends and teammates as transgender before his sophomore season. It was then that he faced a choice: which team he would compete with for his sophomore year.

His school was accepting and he faced no institutional barriers to competing on the team that aligned with his gender thanks to living in one of the 16 states deemed friendly for trans athletes by TransAthlete.com, nor would he be starting testosterone for at least another year. During his freshman season, his team had suffered a devastating loss in the state championship race so devastating, in fact, that one of his teammates broke the second place trophy in half. Ezra was seeded to be the top runner on the girls team his sophomore year and knew they could not win without him. The team was like his family, and he ultimately made the decision to run with them.

It was challenging, says Ezra, now 21 and a student at an Ivy League college. I had just asked my entire school and my entire community to view me as male, to use he/him pronouns, to call me Ezra. I wanted there to be no residual perception of me as a woman. And then we would have sports assemblies and theyd call up womens cross country, and I would have to march up there.

Junior year, there was no question: before the season began, Ezra started testosterone and had top surgery. Joining the boys team meant leaving the girls who had been his biggest support system behind. The first time hed ever heard someone use his chosen name was while he was running up a hill during a girls race, when someone cheered, Go, Ezra! Hed ridden the bus to all his meets with them.

It definitely did feel like Id given something up, he says now of the decision to switch to the boys team. And it was entirely worth it to me. I tried to frame it as a competitive opportunity to try to get back up there [and improve my times].

By his senior year, Ezra was co-captain of the boys team and the underclassmen looked up to him. In retrospect, he looks back at the decision to switch teams as not only one of the most consequential moments in his athletic career, but as a culmination of sorts in the evolution of his identity.

My experience as a trans person has been living with a lot of conflict constantly conflict between how I see myself and how my body looks, conflict between how other people see me and who I know myself to be. Not being able to run on the mens team takes that conflict and it puts it in the forefront of my mind, and it puts it in the forefront of everyone elses mind. And that might be the absolute worst thing that you can do to a high schooler, whether its gender-related conflict or, or any other type of core, internal conflict, Ezra says.

So it was very important to me to finally have that alignment. And I think because [joining the boys team] was more or less the last thing I did to complete that alignment, it was very salient to me, wanting to sort of finish the puzzle of how you ought to be seen.

There are probably hundreds of student-athletes like Ezra around the country, though we dont hear about the lions share of them. Lost in the debates about biology and physiology and competitive advantages that surround trans kids in sports are the stories of the ones who are out there already playing, winning, losing, thriving. And among the already small number of stories about trans athletes, the trans boys on the field are perhaps the most sparsely represented.

Its a very symbolic thing to not only be seen as masculine in a classroom or masculine walking down the street, but to be seen as something that is often thought of as the pinnacle of masculinity to be able to out-lift another guy, to be able to flip someone, to beat someone in a race, says Ezra. Those are also things that tend to be misconceptions about trans people, wanting to not be seen as certain stereotypes of being trans and not wanting people to think that just because I was trans meant that I couldnt keep up.

When the coverage of trans kids who play sports focuses exclusively on the competitive aspect of the game, so much other context gets missed. Nearly 60% of kids participate in a sport at some point in their lives, and to deny trans kids the opportunity to do so is to deny them a formative experience that so many of their peers get to have. Competition is not the only reason kids play sports; other well-documented benefits include improved grade-point average, better focus, mental and physical health benefits, and a host of social and psychological rewards.

For trans kids, however, sports can do other things, too. They can give them a way to feel proud of their body, even before they have the words to articulate their gender. It also allows them to feel embodied, surrounding them with a team of people who accept and support them. With the rate of suicidality for trans youth being as high as 40% and research showing that providing gender-affirming care can reduce those feelings, it stands to reason that affirming trans kids in all areas of their lives will have positive effects on their mental health.

A crucial part of identity development in any human is to be seen and reflected back. That sense of identity is what is going to carry people through most of the rest of their lives and protect them to some degree from traumas and experiences that can create other serious mental health problems, says Ruben Hopwood, founder and director of Hopwood Counseling & Consulting in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The harm thats done then in sports [is that] if they arent being affirmed, they arent being reflected back as who they know themselves to be, and people are actively saying not only do I not see you, but I refuse to believe that what you say is true.

Unfortunately, this isnt what we tend to talk about when we talk about trans athletes. The reality is that we only hear about trans athletes when theyre winning girls like Andraya Yearwood and Terry Miller in Connecticut; Mack Beggs in Texas, whose story was thrust into the national spotlight when Texas forced him to wrestle against girls even after he started taking testosterone.

Mack Beggs

Icon Sportswire/Getty

Thats why everyone is assuming that there is some kind of domination of trans athletes and sports, because those are the only times we ever hear about them, says Alex Schmider, Associate Director of Transgender Representation at GLAAD and Executive Producer of Changing the Game, a documentary about high school trans athletes that features Yearwood, Miller and Beggs. That means theres like 90% of a narrative that isnt being covered. That lack of media representation is really establishing a false framework about what trans inclusion really means.

Trans athletes are most commonly discussed in terms of the potential they have for competitive advantage, a discussion that disportionately impacts trans girls and, in particular, trans girls of color. This hyperfocus by the media on trans women and girls is an issue both in sports coverage and in mainstream coverage, too. The problem with trans men is that theyve largely been invisible in the media, Nick Adams, Director of Transgender Representation for GLAAD, says in the Netflix documentary Disclosure. Certainly being invisible is a privilege compared to the type of transphobia that has been written into trans women characters. But I work with a lot of trans boys, and when they look to the screen to see themselves reflected back, they see almost nothing.

For many trans boys, especially those who live in more isolated areas, this invisibility has real impacts. Visibility allows people to see pathways for themselves, to believe that their goals and aspirations are possible. Its why athletes like Schuyler Bailar, the first openly transgender Division I NCAA swimmer, and Chris Mosier, the first openly trans athlete to qualify for Team USA and who competed in the Olympic Trials in January 2020, are so important.

Its really cool to see representation, kind of like in politics, even if you dont aspire to be them, says John*, a 15-year-old cross-country runner from St. Louis, Missouri. Its just cool to see that they can, and that it could be possible.

For John and many others like him, competing in the appropriate division is a double-edged sword: trans boys and trans men are not perceived as a threat when it comes to sports, which allows them to be able to slide through the system without as much controversy. At the same time, they can become an afterthought when it comes to advocacy or inclusion.

In the last legislative session, 17 states had 20 bills targeting transgender kids in sport. In 2021, at least six states have already introduced similar bills. It was heartbreaking to hear how politicians were talking about people who were in the room, as if they were not people, says Mosier, who founded TransAthlete.com, of the testimony being made to lawmakers in Idaho regarding House Bill 500. Imagine being a young person hearing people talk about your identity as if you do not exist, or as if you are wrong, or youre a monster.

Chris Mosier

Paul Archuleta/Getty

John testified against two anti-trans bills in Missouri last year. His parents pulled him out of school so they could have two minutes to sit up in front of people and bare our souls and beg them to inform themselves, Johns mother, Kelly, says. John socially transitioned at eight years old but has been stealth meaning his peers, teachers and school administrators do not know he is trans since middle school. This is not necessarily abnormal; a 2018 report from the Human Rights Campaign found that 82% of teenage transgender athletes were not out to their coaches.

Even though the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA) has a policy allowing transmasculine athletes to compete on the boys team, Johns parents didnt want to risk it, especially because of the anti-trans bills introduced in the state in recent years. It is his familys way of protecting him against discimination after the Catholic youth sports league denied him the ability to play on the boys team when he first transitioned, forcing him to continue to compete with girls if he wanted to remain in their league.

These bills being introduced nationwide largely target transfeminine athletes. They are not intended to ban trans boys for the most part, but because trans boys are often an afterthought when they are drafted, it remains to be seen how things will play out if they are written into law. All the conversation was about protecting girls in sports, says Kelly. But heres my son. Hes not going to be on your girls team. What are you gonna do with that?

One thing this attempt to ban trans kids from competing ignores is that most youth athletes transgender or cisgender will never compete at the most elite levels. They are just kids who want to play sports with their friends. Thats it. It is complicated, but at the same time, its really not at all, says Schmider. Because when were talking about middle school, elementary school, even high school athletics, the basic premise should be that kids should be included in participating.

By focusing so much on biology and physiology, the impact is the dehumanization of those kids. You take away their personhood by boiling them down to their body parts and hormones things that especially dont matter for prepubescent athletes. And while there is less concern about trans boys competing because they are not perceived as having an advantage in the way trans girls are, the lack of general understanding of transness still means that the cis people who are making or enforcing policies for trans youth only have these stereotypes to go off of.

When Aryn Butherus asked to switch from the girls basketball team to the boys during his sophomore year in high school in Wichita, Kansas, he says the administrator told him that trans people didnt belong in sports because they had an unfair advantage. Butherus, who is 54 and was not taking testosterone at that time, was absolutely not at an advantage on the basketball court against cisgender boys who had gone through masculinizing puberty. Yet he was still denied the ability to play. Losing the sport that had been his favorite since childhood was disheartening, he says. Just because Im a trans athlete doesnt mean I cant be an athlete.

Trans athletes face tough choices about competing all the time. For athletes who are connected to a sport without a male equivalent, like field hockey or softball, the option to switch to a boys team doesnt exist. They have to choose between continuing to play the sport they love or living as their authentic self. For others, it can feel like everything theyve been training for their entire lives, and the metrics against which theyve measured themselves, have been shattered. Someone who has trained to compete with one set of times on a girls team, for example, has to adjust and work at a disadvantage when measuring themselves against the faster times that come with competing in a field of boys.

But the idea that trans boys cannot compete with cis boys on the field is demonstrably false. Mosier making Team USA means that he is literally one of the best in his category of all the men in the country. And Bailar, who competed against men while swimming for Harvard University, was ranked 443 out of all 2,983 Division I male swimmers meaning he beat 85% of the men he swam against. The narrative that were not capable of [being up there with cis men] at worst excludes trans boys from even stepping into sport, he says. And at best, makes them doubt themselves. No matter how you look at it, that narrative is toxic.

When people ask Bailar how he plans to beat cis men, Its very simple, he says. The answer is, I did.

Schuyler Bailar

The Washington Post/Getty

Being able to compete against other boys can be affirming and formative even before an athlete is ready to come out as trans to the rest of the world. Samuel C. didnt transition until he was 27, but he says his experiences competing on boys teams as a kid in Michigan helped him feel aligned with his gender even when the world around him didnt see him as a boy. It was a resourceful solution for a kid who didnt feel like he could be safe coming out as trans under Title IX, girls are allowed to compete on boys teams if there is no equivalent team for girls, so Samuel sought out sports that didnt have a girls team at his school: wrestling, football and baseball.

It built the foundation for me to be able to have male friends and people that I could more easily identify with. Without putting words to it, I guess I was like, Im going to show you who I am rather than have to tell you, Samuel says of his time playing on boys teams before he was out as trans. I could physically show my strengths, which helped me feel more masculine, it helped me feel right. It was telling myself I can compete with these guys, I can do this, I belong here.

But its not just about winning and losing, or measuring ones performance with numbers and charts. Competition always looks like youre trying to beat other people, but when it comes down to it, its really trying to beat yourself, says Ezra. That might be especially apparent in cross country, because even though its a team sport, a lot of it does come down to your individual times.

In Changing the Game, you can see the difference for wrestler Mack Beggs. When he wins the State Championships after beating a girl, he looks dejected. His head hangs while the official raises his arm in victory, the girl who spent a year training to defeat him in the fetal position next to him, screaming in emotional agony. By contrast, at the end of the film, when he comes in third place wrestling against other boys, hes glowing. The difference, of course, is simply that he was able to step onto the mat as his authentic self. All I ever wanted to do was wrestle men, he says, breaking into a smile. And now that I am? Its freaking dope.

Perhaps even more important than the visibility of athletes like Bailar and Mosier are the stories of regular kids playing youth sports with their friends. Stories of discrimination, like that of Beggs, are the only representation that we get right now. So having somebody in a positive way would be so helpful, says Samuel. For the majority of kids [cis or trans], were not going to be Schuylers or Chrises, they are so incredibly talented and good at what they do. In reality, thats not going to happen for the majority of kids who just want to play sports. So I think having other trans kids represented in the lower level sports is so important.

Its why Schmider wanted to make Changing the Game. In media, we see trans young people, particularly trans athletes, [have their] stories hijacked and taken from them to exploit narratives about why they should be excluded or discriminated against, he says. We made the film so that trans young people get to see themselves as the hero they are in their stories, which we rarely get to see.

Right now, trans kids are being used as a political wedge, but most just want the opportunity to play sports in a way that affirms their gender and sense of self, just like any other kid. And theyre out there, though we dont often hear from them. Butherus says that attending track meets in Kansas, Oklahoma and Nebraska, he regularly encountered other trans athletes competing on their schools team. Youre going to have to face trans athletes. Theyre there. Were here. Were not going anywhere, he says. You cant get rid of us.

One person interviewed for this story currently plays on a team with at least one other trans boy, and after Butheruss difficult experience trying to participate in high school sports after his transition, he says a trans boy two years younger than him was able to play on whichever team he wanted indicating that Butherus perhaps opened doors for the younger student.

The success story is not [winning], says Bailar. The success story is stepping into the pool, its diving off the blocks, its stepping onto the field, and recognizing that youre supposed to be there just like anybody else.

When asked to describe his relationship with his male teammates, the answer comes to Ezra not in words, but in an image. It is from a video his team made for a pep rally his senior year. In it, the team of young men stand on a fallen tree over a river. They all have their shirts off, their arms around each others shoulders as they do a little dance together in a line. Ezra is there, too, top surgery scars and all, smiling. He is just one of the boys, right where he belongs.

Sports have a big bearing on confidence. You can see your times, you can feel how much easier its gotten to run that loop that you did three weeks ago, Ezra says. And when you tie it into gender, gender dysphoria and the trans experience, [it] can really do a number on your confidence. So when you can throw in something that is a very literal physical reminder that you are capable, that you can be equal, thats a really powerful thing.

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What About the Trans Athletes Who Compete And Win in Men's Sports? - InsideHook

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1 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Overview1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Testosterone Cypionate Injection1.2 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Segment by Type1.2.1 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)1.2.2 100mg/ml1.2.3 200mg/ml1.3 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Segment by Application1.3.1 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales Comparison by Application: (2021-2027)1.3.2 Hospital1.3.3 Clinics1.3.4 Recovery Center1.4 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Size Estimates and Forecasts1.4.1 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue 2016-20271.4.2 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales 2016-20271.4.3 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Size by Region: 2016 Versus 2021 Versus 2027 2 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Competition by Manufacturers2.1 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)2.2 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)2.3 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)2.4 Manufacturers Testosterone Cypionate Injection Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type2.5 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Competitive Situation and Trends2.5.1 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Concentration Rate2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Testosterone Cypionate Injection Players Market Share by Revenue2.5.3 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 3 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Retrospective Market Scenario by Region3.1 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2016-20213.2 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2016-20213.3 North America Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Facts & Figures by Country3.3.1 North America Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales by Country3.3.2 North America Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue by Country3.3.3 U.S.3.3.4 Canada3.4 Europe Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Facts & Figures by Country3.4.1 Europe Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales by Country3.4.2 Europe Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue by Country3.4.3 Germany3.4.4 France3.4.5 U.K.3.4.6 Italy3.4.7 Russia3.5 Asia Pacific Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Facts & Figures by Region3.5.1 Asia Pacific Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales by Region3.5.2 Asia Pacific Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue by Region3.5.3 China3.5.4 Japan3.5.5 South Korea3.5.6 India3.5.7 Australia3.5.8 Taiwan3.5.9 Indonesia3.5.10 Thailand3.5.11 Malaysia3.5.12 Philippines3.5.13 Vietnam3.6 Latin America Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Facts & Figures by Country3.6.1 Latin America Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales by Country3.6.2 Latin America Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue by Country3.6.3 Mexico3.6.4 Brazil3.6.5 Argentina3.7 Middle East and Africa Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Facts & Figures by Country3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales by Country3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue by Country3.7.3 Turkey3.7.4 Saudi Arabia3.7.5 UAE 4 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Historic Market Analysis by Type4.1 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)4.2 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)4.3 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Price by Type (2016-2021) 5 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Historic Market Analysis by Application5.1 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)5.2 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)5.3 Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Price by Application (2016-2021) 6 Key Companies Profiled6.1 Cipla6.1.1 Cipla Corporation Information6.1.2 Cipla Description and Business Overview6.1.3 Cipla Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.1.4 Cipla Product Portfolio6.1.5 Cipla Recent Developments/Updates6.2 Hikma6.2.1 Hikma Corporation Information6.2.2 Hikma Description and Business Overview6.2.3 Hikma Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.2.4 Hikma Product Portfolio6.2.5 Hikma Recent Developments/Updates6.3 Perrigo6.3.1 Perrigo Corporation Information6.3.2 Perrigo Description and Business Overview6.3.3 Perrigo Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.3.4 Perrigo Product Portfolio6.3.5 Perrigo Recent Developments/Updates6.4 Pfizer6.4.1 Pfizer Corporation Information6.4.2 Pfizer Description and Business Overview6.4.3 Pfizer Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.4.4 Pfizer Product Portfolio6.4.5 Pfizer Recent Developments/Updates6.5 Sun Pharma6.5.1 Sun Pharma Corporation Information6.5.2 Sun Pharma Description and Business Overview6.5.3 Sun Pharma Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.5.4 Sun Pharma Product Portfolio6.5.5 Sun Pharma Recent Developments/Updates6.6 Genesis Pharmaceuticals6.6.1 Genesis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Information6.6.2 Genesis Pharmaceuticals Description and Business Overview6.6.3 Genesis Pharmaceuticals Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.6.4 Genesis Pharmaceuticals Product Portfolio6.6.5 Genesis Pharmaceuticals Recent Developments/Updates6.7 Perrigo6.6.1 Perrigo Corporation Information6.6.2 Perrigo Description and Business Overview6.6.3 Perrigo Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.4.4 Perrigo Product Portfolio6.7.5 Perrigo Recent Developments/Updates6.8 Paddock Laboratories6.8.1 Paddock Laboratories Corporation Information6.8.2 Paddock Laboratories Description and Business Overview6.8.3 Paddock Laboratories Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.8.4 Paddock Laboratories Product Portfolio6.8.5 Paddock Laboratories Recent Developments/Updates6.9 Meditech Pharmaceutical6.9.1 Meditech Pharmaceutical Corporation Information6.9.2 Meditech Pharmaceutical Description and Business Overview6.9.3 Meditech Pharmaceutical Testosterone Cypionate Injection Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)6.9.4 Meditech Pharmaceutical Product Portfolio6.9.5 Meditech Pharmaceutical Recent Developments/Updates 7 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Manufacturing Cost Analysis7.1 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Key Raw Materials Analysis7.1.1 Key Raw Materials7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Testosterone Cypionate Injection7.4 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Industrial Chain Analysis 8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers8.1 Marketing Channel8.2 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Distributors List8.3 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Customers 9 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Dynamics9.1 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Industry Trends9.2 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Growth Drivers9.3 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Challenges9.4 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Restraints 10 Global Market Forecast10.1 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Estimates and Projections by Type10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Testosterone Cypionate Injection by Type (2022-2027)10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Testosterone Cypionate Injection by Type (2022-2027)10.2 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Estimates and Projections by Application10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Testosterone Cypionate Injection by Application (2022-2027)10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Testosterone Cypionate Injection by Application (2022-2027)10.3 Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Estimates and Projections by Region10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Testosterone Cypionate Injection by Region (2022-2027)10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Testosterone Cypionate Injection by Region (2022-2027) 11 Research Finding and Conclusion 12 Methodology and Data Source12.1 Methodology/Research Approach12.1.1 Research Programs/Design12.1.2 Market Size Estimation12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation12.2 Data Source12.2.1 Secondary Sources12.2.2 Primary Sources12.3 Author List12.4 Disclaimer

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Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market , Global Industry Analysis 2021-2027, Size, Share and Regional Forecast By QYResearch Reviewindependent -...

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Myovant Sciences stock rocketed 22% on news it was partnering with Pfizer to develop and commercialize relugolix for prostate cancer and womens health.

Relugolix is a once-daily, oral gonadotropin-release hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist. The two companies are collaborating in the U.S. and Canada, with Pfizer receiving an exclusive option to develop the drug in oncology outside those two markets except in certain Asian countries.

They will jointly develop and commercialize the drug, under the brand name Orgovyx, in advanced prostate cancer, and if approved, in combination with estradiol 1.0 mg and norethindrone acetate (0.5 mg) in womens health in the U.S. and Canada. They will begin co-promoting Orgovyx for prostate cancer in early 2021. The two companies will split profits and certain expenses for Orgovyx and the relugolix combination. Myovant will handle regulatory interactions and drug supply, and lead on developing the relugolix combination program.

Pfizer is paying Myovant up to $4.2 billion, including an upfront payment of $650 million and $200 million in potential regulatory milestones, and tiered sales milestones up to $2.5 billion for prostate cancer and for the combined womens health indications. If Pfizer chooses to exercise the option in oncology outside the U.S. and Canada, it will pay Myovant another $50 million and double-digit sales royalties.

We are thrilled to partner with Pfizer to unlock the full potential of Orgovyx in advanced prostate cancer and relugolix combination tablet in uterine fibroids and endometriosis, advancing our mission to redefine care for women and for men, said Lynn Seely, Myovants chief executive officer. Pfizer is the ideal partner for Myovant given its impressive capabilities and track record across both oncology and womens health. This transformative collaboration will significantly strengthen the upcoming launch of Orgovyx and the potential launches of relugolix combination tablet in womens health, while substantially enhancing our financial position and enabling us to expand our pipeline of potential new medicines.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Orgovyx on December 22 for advanced prostate cancer. The approval was built on a Phase III trial comparing Orgovyx to AbbVies injectable Lupron. The two drugs work differently. Orgovyx blocks the pituitary gland from producing hormones that signal the amount of testosterone production in the body. AbbVies Lupron, which is injected once every three months, overstimulates the bodys hormone production, leading to a temporary shutdown of testosterone. In the trial, Orgovyx suppressed testosterone to castration levels in 96.7% of participants, compared to 88.8% in Lupron.

Orgovyx is priced at $2,313 per bottle for a 30-day supply. Lupron is a once-month or once-every-three-months injection that averages about $8,687, although there is a generic option priced at $2,729.

Regulators in the U.S. are currently reviewing the relugolix combination tablet for women with uterine fibroids, with a target action date of June 1, 2021. It is also being developed for endometriosis, with a New Drug Application expected in the first half of 2021.

There continues to be a high unmet need among the millions of women who experience the common and debilitating symptoms associated with uterine fibroids and endometriosis, said Nick Lagunowich, Global President, Pfizer Internal medicine. We believe our deep heritage and leadership in womens health combined with our experienced womens health field force will enable us to maximize these opportunities with Myovant, potentially bringing valuable new treatment options to these women.

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Myovant and Pfizer Ink $4.2 Billion Deal for Orgovyx in Oncology and Women's Health - BioSpace

Hormone therapy, radiation, and surgery are valuable tools in the medical arsenal to tackle prostate disease, which according to the American Cancer Society, is the most common cancer in American men next to skin cancer. There are almost 200,000 new cases each year and over 33,000 deaths in 2020, according to ACS estimates.

A new study published in JAMA Network Open found that men with unfavorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer could benefit from having androgen-deprivation therapy, or ADT, and lived eight months longer than men who did not receive the hormone therapy after 15 years. ADT reduces androgen hormones like testosterone and stops them from feeding cancer cells, according to Harvard Health Publishing. The study subjects also received radiation therapy.

Dr. David Samadi, the director of Mens Health and Urologic Oncology at St. Francis Hospital in Long Island, and a renowned prostate surgeon, tells Newsmax that the study shows that there are many treatment options available for prostate cancer patients, and offers his advice.

We need to carefully evaluate the risk versus the reward when deciding on prostate cancer treatment, he said. Samadi said that, when caught early, prostate cancer has an amazingly high five-year survival rate of almost 100% if found localized or regional. But this high survival percentage drops off sharply to only about 38% survivability if the cancer has already spread beyond the prostate to distant areas such as the bones or liver.

A diagnosis of prostate cancer is like approaching a fork in the road, says the expert, who is a contributor to Newsmax TV.

There are numerous treatment options available, each with its pros and cons, including side effects, says Samadi.How prostate cancer is treated will determine what a mans life will look like in the future. You need to consult with an experienced doctor who can address your personal needs.

Samadi says that while ADT, the hormone therapy described in the study may appear favorable, there are side effects that include weight gain, hot flashes, loss of libido, breast enlargement, erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, reduced muscle mass, mood swings, and depression. A mans life may be extended by a few more months but his quality of life drops dramatically.

I also want to address radiation treatment for prostate cancer, says Samadi. Some men mistakenly believe trying radiation first before considering surgery is superior for treating their cancerous prostate. They rationalize if their cancer comes back after radiation, then they will consider surgery. But there is a catch: men who choose radiation first over surgery as a treatment method, will wish they hadnt. Surgery after radiation is almost impossible.

Prostate tissue that has undergone radiation can become almost like cement attaching to the rectum and surrounding tissue. This unfortunate side effect significantly increases the risk of incontinence and erectile dysfunction. There is also the risk of cystitis, urinary frequency, urethral structures or scar formation, and a possible chance of an increased risk of rectal or bladder cancers.

Surgery may be the best option for some men to treat prostate cancer.

While surgery may seem scary to some men, the robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy is an excellent option for men with a long life expectancy and whose cancer is contained within the prostate, says the expert who specializes in this procedure. Many advances have been made in surgery keeping side effects minimal little to no blood loss, less pain, shorter recovery, and better preservation of urinary and sexual functioning.

Samadi says the biggest reason for choosing surgery over radiation first if that is an option, is that there is no risk of a secondary prostate cancer recurring.

That should put any mans mind at ease, he says. When it comes to cancer treatment, making decisions can be tough. That is why my advice for men with prostate cancer is this: choose wisely, look at all options, research the experts in this field, and get a second opinion. Men who make good prostate cancer treatment decisions will also likely have good outcomes. And my job as a prostate cancer surgeon is to work with patients helping them achieve the outcomes most important to them.

2020 NewsmaxHealth. All rights reserved.

See the article here:
Choosing the Right Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer - KMJ Now

Although research has cemented BMPR2 mutations as having associations with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension, the germline mutations are not the only culprit.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a multifaceted condition, consisting of interactions between estrogens, estrogen metabolites, and BMPR2 signaling, according to new research.

Although research has cemented BMPR2 mutations as having associations with the development of PAH, the germline mutations are not the only culprit, say the researchers, who argue that other, additional genetic and environmental factors play a role. Mutations in several components of the BMPR2 signaling pathway have also been linked to the development of PAH, including ALK1, SMAD8, BMP9, and CAV1.

Despite the strong association between BMPR2 mutations and the development of PAH, and despite the high frequency of BMPR2 mutations in heritable PAH, having a BMPR2 mutation alone is not sufficient; heterozygous carriers of deleterious BMPR2 mutations only have an approximately 20% lifetime risk of disease penetrance, explained the researchers. Decades of investigation have revealed that there are likely multiple genetic and environmental second hits that may be necessary to spur PAH development in the setting of a deleterious BMPR2 mutation.

The intricacies of PAH can be highlighted by the role estrogen and estrogen metabolites play in the condition. For example, some animal models have suggested that the 2 protect against PH in the presence of other provoking factors while human studies have suggested that female predominance actually heightens the risk of PAH. And while females who carry deleterious BMPR2 variants are more likely to develop PAH, they are less likely to have severe disease than men.

However, the researchers argue that the role of estrogen and estrogen metabolites does not paint a full picture of the sex differences in PAH. These differences include those in right ventricular (RV) adaption to chronic pulmonary hypertension, with some research suggests that females might have better RV function than males. According to the researchers, other sex-driven differences, like testosterone and progesterone and nonhormonal sex effects, may contribute to the impact of sex.

Similar to the BMPR2 signaling cascade, essential components of estrogen signaling pathways are expressed in the [endothelial cells], vascular [smooth muscle cells], and fibroblasts responsible for vascular remodeling and the development of PAH, wrote the researchers, noting that estrone, estradiol, and estriol, along with their metabolites signal through estrogen receptors ER and ER and the newly discovered G-protein-coupled receptor.

In their paper, the researchers look at the relationship between estrogen and BMPR2, writing that there have been inclinations that baseline BMPR2 expression and signaling may be reduced in females. They suggest that this deficiency in BMPR2 expression may be that second hit to spur the development of PAH. However, they caveat that the relationship between estrogen and BMPR2 is complex and may be dependent on several factors, such as age, menopausal status, cell type studied, and dose responses and time courses.

Reference

Cirulis MM, Dodson MW, Brown LM, Brown SM, Lahm T, Elliot G. At the X-roads of sex and genetics in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Genes (Basel). Published online November 20, 2020. doi:10.3390/genes11111371

See the article here:
Sex, Genetics, and the Relationship Between the Two in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension - AJMC.com Managed Markets Network

In recent research, a group of scientists at the University of Michigan have found that androgen receptors that are used to treat prostate cancer may also be effective against COVID-19 .

The findings of the study, published in the peer-reviewed journal PNAS, suggest that since these drugs are already approved for the treatment of a condition, they can be easily repurposed for COVID-19 treatment.

Androgen receptors are specific proteins present on the surface of certain cells that bind to the male hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.

These receptors play an important role in the growth of prostate cancer. Suppression of androgen receptors is hence one of the many ways used to treat prostate cancer.

ACE2 and TMPRSS2

Previous studies have shown that targeting host factors that interact with SARS-CoV-2 can help manage COVID-19 . In the recent study, the researchers found that androgen receptors in the lungs regulate TMPRSS2. Blocking these receptors reduces the expression of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2.

By now, it is well known that SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 causing virus, enters healthy cells in the body through ACE2 receptors present on body cells. However, the virus also uses another cell surface receptor called TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane protease serine 2), an enzyme that cleaves and activates the spike protein of coronavirus .

The researchers used anti-androgen drugs including enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide for the study.

BET proteins

BET proteins are transcription regulators that control various functions in the cells including cell growth and differentiation. They also control inflammation and play a role in androgen signalling.

In addition to androgen suppression, the researchers also studied drugs that degrade BET proteins or inhibit their function. It was found that BET inhibitors suppressed androgen signalling and prevented viral infection.

More androgen signalling in men

The researchers also found more androgen signalling in the lungs of men than women, which they suggested explains why men are more prone to coronavirus disease than women. Additionally, older men (>70 years) who smoke have the highest androgen signalling.

This explains why elderly men who are smokers are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. High androgen receptor signalling allows the virus to gain entry and replicate more easily. This may explain why the disease is often particularly severe in older men, said the research author Dr Arul Chinnaiyan in a news release by the University of Michigan.

As per the news release, many clinical trials are already going on to assess the effects of androgen receptor blockers in the treatment of COVID-19 .

For more information, read our article on Prostate cancer.

Health articles in Firstpost are written by myUpchar.com, Indias first and biggest resource for verified medical information. At myUpchar, researchers and journalists work with doctors to bring you information on all things health.

Originally posted here:
Androgen receptor inhibitors used to treat prostate ..may also be effective against COVID-19, suggests study - Firstpost

Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Professional Survey Research Report 2020-2028

Testosterone Replacement Therapy Marketresearch report is the new statistical data source added byLexis Business Insights.

The publisher has been monitoring the testosterone replacement therapy market and it is poised to grow by $ 113.54 mn during 2020-2024, progressing at a CAGR of 1% during the forecast period.

Overview:

Testosterone Replacement Therapy market report analyzes what are the factors that are driving the growth of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market and the factors that are restricting the growth. The report deeply analyzes the volume trends, value of the market, pricing history, etc. which would help the companies entering the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market to understand the growth opportunities and threats that are present in the market. A number of opportunities for investment in the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market are discovered by analysts and are discussed in this report.

The report additionally provides a pest analysis of all five along with the SWOT analysis for all companies profiled in the report. The report also consists of various company profiles and their key players; it also includes the competitive scenario, opportunities, and market of geographic regions. The regional outlook on the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market covers areas such as Europe, Asia, China, India, North America, and the rest of the globe.

Note In order to provide more accurate market forecast, all our reports will be updated before delivery by considering the impact of COVID-19.

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Top key players : AbbVie Inc,Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc,Pfizer, Inc,Eli Lilly and Company,Allergan Plc.

The main goal for the dissemination of this information is to give a descriptive analysis of how the trends could potentially affect the upcoming future of Testosterone Replacement Therapy market during the forecast period. This markets competitive manufactures and the upcoming manufactures are studied with their detailed research. Revenue, production, price, market share of these players is mentioned with precise information.

Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market: Regional Segment Analysis

This report provides pinpoint analysis for changing competitive dynamics. It offers a forward-looking perspective on different factors driving or limiting market growth. It provides a five-year forecast assessed on the basis of how they Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market is predicted to grow. It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future and helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments.

Key questions answered in the report include:

What will the market size and the growth rate be in 2026?

What are the key factors driving the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market?

What are the key market trends impacting the growth of the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market?

What are the challenges to market growth?

Who are the key vendors in the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market?

What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the vendors in the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market?

Trending factors influencing the market shares of the Americas, APAC, Europe, and MEA.

The report includes six parts, dealing with:

1.) Basic information;

2.) The Asia Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market;

3.) The North American Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market;

4.) The European Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market;

5.) Market entry and investment feasibility;

6.) The report conclusion.

All the research report is made by using two techniques that are Primary and secondary research. There are various dynamic features of the business, like client need and feedback from the customers. Before (company name) curate any report, it has studied in-depth from all dynamic aspects such as industrial structure, application, classification, and definition.

The report focuses on some very essential points and gives a piece of full information about Revenue, production, price, and market share.

Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market report will enlist all sections and research for each and every point without showing any indeterminate of the company.

Reasons for Buying this Report

This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics

It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth

It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow

It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future

It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors

It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments

TABLE OF CONTENT:

1 Report Overview

2 Global Growth Trends

3 Market Share by Key Players

4 Breakdown Data by Type and Application

5 United States

6 Europe

7 China

8 Japan

9 Southeast Asia

10 India

11 Central & South America

12 International Players Profiles

13 Market Forecast 2019-2025

14 Analysts Viewpoints/Conclusions

15 Appendix

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Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market to Increase Exponentially During 2028: Lexis Business Insights Latest Updates - The Courier

Penguins throw poop bombs, lemurs secrete a stinky perfume to woo mates and even the cutest of monkeys sometimes eat their own. When you study animals, you never quite know what oddball behaviors you might see.

Here are 10 of the weirdest animal stories that caught our eye in 2020.

Related: Survival of the grossest: 8 disgusting animal behaviors

Asian kukri snakes use their knifelike teeth to slice into toads' abdominal cavities and gobble down their organs, leaving little behind but an empty pouch of skin. The snakes sometimes spend hours gorging themselves on toad innards; specifically, scientists caught the snakes consuming poisonous toads called Duttaphrynus melanostictus, also known as Asian common toads or Asian black-spotted toads. The toads secrete a toxic white substance, so the scientists suspect that kukri snakes may have adopted their vicious eating strategy to avoid this poison.

White-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator) look absolutely darling, with their deep brown eyes and tiny faces ringed with white fur but sometimes, these adorable creatures will cannibalize their own kin. When an infant monkey fell from a tree in the Santa Rosa National Park in Costa Rica, its relatives gathered around the corpse in interest. Soon enough, a young male and a pregnant female began nibbling at the infant's legs and feet. In the end, they left only the head, chest and arms untouched. When hunting prey animals, the capuchins would usually consume an entire animal in one sitting and as a group, rather than just two monkeys eating part of the part; because of this, scientists suspect cannibalism may be unusual behavior for white-faced capuchins.

After three years tracking pandas through China's Qinling Mountains, filmmakers caught two male bears vying for the attention of a female. This is the first time this courtship behavior has been captured on film, and if you expected something cute and cuddly, you'd be sorely mistaken. The two males squared off at the foot of a tree, fighting and bellowing while the female sat in the branches above. The older of the males won this initial skirmish, but when the female clambered down, she managed to slip away. Both males continued to trail the female for several weeks until, finally, the younger male won out.

Related: Strange love: 11 animals with truly weird courtship rituals

Penguins can shoot their poop across great distances, up to about twice their body lengths, and scientists calculated exactly how much force they require to do so. The team specifically looked at Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti), which spew their feces in a graceful arc from their nests on high ground. They calculated that the pressure generated in the penguins' rectums was as much roughly 4 pounds per square inch (28.2 kilopascals). That means the powerful poopers can fling their feces at about 5 mph (8 km/h) and up to roughly 53 inches (134 centimeters) away.

The Microgaster godzilla wasp earned its monstrous name from the way it hunts down hosts. The parasitic wasp dives underwater to capture moth caterpillars, which float just below the surface in homemade casings. One-by-one, the wasp wrestles the caterpillars out of their casings, drags them above water and quickly pumps them full of eggs. The way the wasp bursts from the water reminded the scientists of Godzilla emerging from the sea in classic sci-fi movies.

A blue heron was flying over the Delaware shoreline when, suddenly, an American eel erupted from its gut. In photos captured by Sam Davis, an engineer from Maryland, the eel can be seen dangling off the bird like a fat necktie. After escaping the blue heron's belly, the daring eel may have survived but only if it fell in or near water that was salty enough.The heron likely lived to fly another day, despite this gut-wrenching encounter.

Naked mole rats live in crowded underground burrows with little oxygen, but that's no problem for these wrinkly weirdos. Rather than depending on oxygen, naked mole rats actually depend more on carbon dioxide; without it, their brains short-circuit and the critters have seizures. Due to a genetic mutation, the mole rats lack a switch in their brains that usually keeps electrical activity in check. This mutation allows the animals to conserve precious energy stores, and thankfully, high levels of carbon dioxide in their burrows suppresses brain activity in a different way, which normally saves the mole rats from seizures.

Male ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) produce their own cologne from a gland in their wrists and douse their tails with the liquid during breeding season. These wrist secretions smell bitter and leathery most of the year, but come breeding season, the cologne takes on a sweeter, fruitier aroma. Scientists theorize that fluctuations in testosterone might drive this change in smell, and this may signal when a male is ready to mate. But while females show strong interest in the mating-season scent, it's unclear whether this smelly form of flirting actually makes males more desirable partners.

When scientists were studying old platypus specimens, they made a surprising discovery: under UV, the normally brown creatures emit a blue-green glow. Apart from the platypus, flying squirrels and opossums are the only other mammals known to display this kind of biofluorescence. The scientists discovered this glow after studying flying squirrels at the Field Museum in Chicago, when they decided to train their black lights on the duckbilled mammals as well, since both animals hunt at twilight and during the night. The platypuses' green sheen might reduce their visibility to predators, the team hypothesizes, but more research is needed to confirm that theory.

The mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus bredini wield clublike arms, which they use to bully smaller shrimp out of their homes. The crustaceans, nicknamed "smashers," can swing their arms at 50 mph (80 km/h) and duke it out over coral burrows in the southern Caribbean Sea. In laboratory studies, scientists found that, if given a choice between empty burrows, the shrimp choose large, roomy ones that they could grow into. But when other shrimp take up house in the burrows, smashers tend to attack shrimp in small burrows most fiercely. Although the burrow might be a tight squeeze, the attacking shrimp likely knows that the occupant will be small and therefore easier to defeat, the researchers suggested.

Originally published on Live Science.

Read this article:
10 bizarre animal stories of 2020 - Livescience.com

On Friday, December 18, 2020, the US FDA approved the first oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist, relugolix, for adult patients with advanced prostate cancer. This is an important advance because it offers another option to patients who are taking hormone therapy.

One of the mainstays of treatment for high-risk and metastatic prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT is designed to stop testosterone from being produced or directly block it from acting on prostate cancer cells, slowing or stopping cancer growth. Most forms of ADT are given as regular injections (e.g., monthly or every 3 months) or as implants under the skin. One disadvantage of commonly use medications is an initial spike in testosterone, as well as a delay in time to lowering the mans testosterone level.

This newly-approved therapy, relugolix, works by blocking the pituitary gland (in the brain) from making hormones that stimulate the testes to make testosterone thereby lowering a mans testosterone levels. Instead of an injection, the patient takes an oral tablet once daily, at approximately the same time each day, with or without food.

The effects were tested in a randomized clinical trial comparing relugolix to leuprolide, a very common injectable form of ADT, in over 900 patients with advanced prostate cancer. More patients taking relugolix had their testosterone levels fall quickly and remain at a low (castrate level) during the study vs those taking leuprolide.

Side effects of ADT can include weight gain, increase in cholesterol levels, and increased risk for heart attack. A striking finding in the clinical trial was a 54% decrease in major cardiac events (such as heart attack and stroke) in the patients taking relugolix vs leuprolide.

What does this approval mean for patients with advanced prostate cancer? They now have an oral alternative to typical ADT that decreases testosterone levels more quickly, and keeps them low, than one commonly used medication. Some patients and doctors may decide that taking an oral medication at home, rather than having to come to the clinic for an injection, may be preferable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many men with prostate cancer already have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and relugolix may offer reduced risk of dangerous side effects such as a heart attack. This may be an important consideration when choosing a form of ADT.

We at PCF are thrilled when patients and doctors have another choice of therapy in the fight against prostate cancer. PCF congratulates all of the scientists and clinicians who helped to make this breakthrough possible.

Read the rest here:
Breaking News: FDA Approves First Oral Hormone Therapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer - Prostate Cancer Foundation

An Overview of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market and Growth Prospects

Starting with the basic information, the report provides a complete summary of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market. The summary discusses the outlook and specifications of products and services in the market and their application. The report also provides detailed information on the technology used for manufacturing and production. The report provides information on the production procedures that can increase productivity and efficiency of the overall system. The report classifies the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market into segments based on knowledge of the market. The report covers the key market players present in different regions and also studies the strategies used by them to enhance their presence and value in the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market. The report predicts future trends and scope of the market for the forecast period 2020-2026.

Key Players

This publication includes key segmentations of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market on the basis of product, application, and geography (country/region). Each segment included in the report is studied in relation to different factors such as consumption, market share, value, growth rate, and production.

Top Leading Companies Profiled in Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Report Are As Follows: Bayer, Eli lilly, Kyowa Kirin, AbbVie, Pfizer, Acerus Pharmaceuticals, Actavis (Allergan), Mylan, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Endo International, Upsher-Smith, and Teva.

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The final report will add the analysis of the Impact of Covid-19 in this report Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry.

Research objectivesTo study and forecast the market size of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in global market.

To analyze the global key players, SWOT analysis, value and global market share for top players.

To define, describe and forecast the market by type, end use and region.

To analyze and compare the market status and forecast among global major regions.

To analyze the global key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.

To identify significant trends and factors driving or inhibiting the market growth.

To analyze the opportunities in the market for stakeholders by identifying the high growth segments.

To strategically analyze each submarket with respect to individual growth trend and their contribution to the market

To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.

Market segmentation Testosterone Replacement Therapy market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2015-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.

Research Methodology:Our market forecasting is based on a market model derived from market connectivity, dynamics, and identified influential factors around which assumptions about the market are made. These assumptions are enlightened by fact-bases, put by primary and secondary research instruments, regressive analysis and an extensive connect with industry people. Market forecasting derived from in-depth understanding attained from future market spending patterns provides quantified insight to support your decision-making process. The interview is recorded, and the information gathered in put on the drawing board with the information collected through secondary research.

The report provides insights on the following pointers:

Key questions answered in the Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market report:

Table of Contents: Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market

Chapter 1: Overview of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market

Chapter 2: Global Market Status and Forecast by Regions

Chapter 3: Global Market Status and Forecast by Types

Chapter 4: Global Market Status and Forecast by Downstream Industry

Chapter 5: Market Driving Factor Analysis

Chapter 6: Market Competition Status by Major Manufacturers

Chapter 7: Major Manufacturers Introduction and Market Data

Chapter 8: Upstream and Downstream Market Analysis

Chapter 9: Cost and Gross Margin Analysis

Chapter 10: Marketing Status Analysis

Chapter 11: Market Report Conclusion

Chapter 12: Research Methodology and Reference

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