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COVID-19: Top science stories of the week, from testosterone to hydroxychloroquine – World Economic Forum
Since one of the first studies emerged in January from Wuhan, China, researchers have known that COVID-19 seems to affect men more than women. More recent studies from Italy and New York City confirm that male mortality exceeds that of women but no one knew exactly why. New evidence from different sources coming to light is pointing to androgens male hormones such as testosterone which seem to be helping the virus get inside cells and help to explain why males are worse affected.
Studies in Spain noted that a disproportionate number of men in hospital with COVID-19 also had male pattern baldness, which is linked to higher levels of androgens. Another study from Italy showed that men with prostate cancer who receive drugs that suppress androgens were much less likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. And one from the United States found a strong link between levels of androgen in the blood and the severity of COVID-19.
With no treatment yet available, researchers are now looking into testing already-approved drugs that block the effects of androgens to see if they are effective in slowing down the virus and giving the immune system time to fight back.
On Thursday, medical journal the Lancet retracted the study included in last weeks top science stories of the week that linked hydroxychloroquine to higher mortality and heart problems in COVID-19 patients. The study came under intense scrutiny when researchers and an investigation by the Guardian exposed discrepancies in the data and methods used by small US company Surgisphere to collect them. The papers lead author asked for the retraction after an independent audit of the data was unable to verify their accuracy.
After having temporarily paused clinical trials of the drug in response to the safety concerns the paper raised, the World Health Organization had already announced on Wednesday its data safety monitoring committee found there was no increased risk of death for COVID-19 patients taking it and that the trials would resume.
Meanwhile, another hydroxychloroquine study led by a team at the University of Minnesota, United States has found the drug does not protect people who have been exposed to the virus from becoming infected. The study was a randomised, controlled trial - the so-called gold-standard for measuring the effectiveness of a new medical treatment. It found that about 12% of people given hydroxychloroquine after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 developed COVID-19 within two weeks compared with about 14% of people given a placebo. This difference is not considered to be significant.
A potentially important caveat to the study noted by the authors is that COVID-19 tests were only available to trial participants who displayed symptoms - meaning that symptomless infections were not accounted for. More research is needed before a clear verdict on hydroxychloroquine's efficacy can be given.
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World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with our Terms of Use.
Written by
Alice Hazelton, Programme Lead, Science and Society, World Economic Forum
Sam Leakey, Programme Specialist, Science and Society, World Economic Forum
The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.
Excerpt from:
COVID-19: Top science stories of the week, from testosterone to hydroxychloroquine - World Economic Forum
Science of ‘Seinfeld’ – The Conversation US
Its been 31 years since a groundbreaking show about nothing first hit the air andyada yada yada. What better time to revisit some memorable moments from Seinfeld that left viewers shouting, Get out!, and see what science has to say about the situation.
I was a biology graduate student when Seinfeld first hit the air. The show not only provided a welcome reprieve from a tough day in the laboratory, but also fueled fun debates among us students as to whether the inane scenarios were plausible. Thirty years on, these debates still swim in my head, better informed by the latest science relevant to them.
On season 6, episode 18 (S6:E18), it was revealed that Georges father, Frank, had something he wanted to get off his chest but couldnt: man boobs. After witnessing Franks condition, Kramer was inspired to make the bro, or mansiere, to help give Frank and his buddies support.
The development of enlarged breasts in men is nothing new: It is a rather common medical condition called gynecomastia. Gynecomastia can arise when the body makes less testosterone relative to estrogen. These fluctuations in sex hormones can happen as a newborn develops, during puberty or as a result of aging. In the young, the situation usually resolves on its own as hormones balance out.
Certain medications, illegal drugs and alcohol can produce gynecomastia as well. Men with this condition can opt for breast reduction surgery or wear a compression vest. Medications that reduce the effect of estrogen can also help.
In the season 7 finale, George and Susan were finally tying the knot and Georges wallet was taking a beating. When George was presented with the option to save a few bucks by purchasing old wedding invitations, he leaped at the opportunity. As she licked the 200 envelopes, Susan became dizzy and, in a shocking twist, died at the hospital. The doctor stated that they found traces of a certain toxic adhesive commonly found in very low-priced envelopes.
Another outlandish plot line, or could this really happen? According to How It Works, envelope glue is made from gum arabic, which is a product of the hardened sap from acacia trees. It is a nontoxic substance often used in candy to bind ingredients together.
Others state that dextrin, an edible carbohydrate produced from corn or potato starch, is used to make the adhesive. Most importantly, as far as I can tell, there is not a single report of someone dying from licking envelope glue. If youre still anxious about potential toxins in the adhesive, or simply dont like the taste, moisten the glue strip with a damp sponge instead of your tongue.
In S5:E5, Kramer wanders into the wrong hospital room and makes a disturbing discovery a pigman: half man, half pig. Kramer is further convinced of the existence of pigman when the next days newspaper reads, Hospital receives grant to conduct DNA research. In the end, we learn that the pigman was, of course, just a man who is about five feet, hairless, with a pink complexion.
Kramer might come across as a hipster doofus, but hes not entirely wrong here. Scientists have indeed been working on pig-human hybrids, of sorts, for decades. Doctors have been using porcine heart valves to replace damaged ones in humans since the 1960s.
Since a pigs internal organs are roughly the same size as our own, pigs are good candidate animals in which human organs for transplantation could be grown. In 2017, Dr. Jun Wu at the Salk Institute published the first report of human tissue being grown in a pig embryo. Much more careful research lies ahead, but the pioneering study supports the idea that human organs could be manufactured in a pig.
In S8:E8, Newman was challenged to eat broccoli but quickly gagged and demanded a honey mustard chaser to neutralize the taste.
Newman is what scientists call a supertaster, and he is not alone in hating broccoli. Approximately 25% of people are born with variations in genes like TAS2R38, which build taste bud receptors.
Taste buds bind to chemicals in food and signal the flavor to the brain. Many plants, including broccoli, evolved to produce bitter-tasting chemicals like thiourea to avoid being eaten.
Most humans dont register these chemicals as intensely bitter, but supertasters do. Supertasters are literally born with a tongue that is unusually sensitive to the bitter chemicals found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, which tricks their brain into thinking that the food is poisonous.
A trip out to the Hamptons is usually a pleasant outing, but in S5:E21, Jerrys girlfriend accidentally walks in on George as hes changing out of his swimsuit. After catching a glimpse of his manhood, she says, Im really sorry. George screams in self-defense, Shrinkage! Shrinkage! I was in the pool!
George wasnt lying. Urologist Darius Paduch at Weill Cornell Medicine has stated that the penis can shrivel by about 50% in length and 20% to 30% in girth in cold temperatures.
The human body operates at an optimal temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. When we get cold, blood is redirected to our vital areas, namely our chest and head to keep our heart and brain functionally properly. Consequently, this draws blood away from appendages like fingers, toes and, in males, the penis. When blood rushes away from the penis, it shrinks. The position of the testes is a reflex controlled by the cremaster muscle, which brings them closer to the body in colder temperatures to maintain the warmth needed for sperm production.
Everything in life is coming up roses after George has a chance encounter with a hand modeling agent in S5:E2. Thanks to avoiding manual labor his whole life, Georges hands are exquisitely smooth and creamy, delicate yet masculine.
Appreciating that his extraordinary hands are the ticket to a new life, George protects them by wearing oven mitts and warning his bickering parents that Stress is very damaging to the epidermis!
It is tempting to assume that George is simply making excuses to get his parents to stop arguing, but science supports his assertion. Stress causes all sorts of health issues in the body, and the skin our largest organ is no exception. The body responds to stress by releasing hormones like cortisol, which cause inflammation.
In the skin, cortisol increases the production of oils, which can cause breakouts and exacerbate skin conditions such as psoriasis or eczema. Stress hormones negatively impact the immune system and epidermal defenses, making the skin more susceptible to infection. Stress also causes some people to bite their nails, which could easily ruin a hand modeling gig.
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Science of 'Seinfeld' - The Conversation US
Looking to Mouse, Macaque and Human Germ Cells for New Insight into Infertility – University of Michigan Health System News
Figuring out how sperm develops in the testes is critical to understanding male-factor infertility. This process involves both the sperm-forming cells, collectively called germ cells, and supporting cells of the testis known as somatic cells. So far, much of the work around this highly regulated process, called spermatogenesis, has taken place in mice.
A group of U-M and University of Pittsburgh researchers, led by Sue Hammoud, Ph.D., Jun Li Ph.D., and Kyle Orwig Ph.D., and trainees Adrienne Shami, B.S., Xianing Zheng B.S., and Sarah Munyoki B.S., are expanding this body of knowledge by comparing cells from the testes of mice, macaques and humans. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, they analyzed the way genes are expressed in thousands of these sperm-forming cells to look for similarities and differences. This comparison provides clues about how sperm has evolved in mammals.
From the stem cell building blocks all the way up to mature sperm, there are differences between species in the number, division, and shape of germ cells. While we have learned a great deal from mouse models, sometimes that knowledge simply doesnt translate to humans. As a result, we have a limited understanding of human sperm production, and how things may go wrong to lead to infertility. By simultaneously analyzing thousands of cells throughout this process from different species, we are able to align and directly compare these populations of cells for the first time. In essence, this allows us to begin translating information across species to better understand how sperm are made, says Hammoud.
The findings could help researchers more accurately compare spermatogenesis between animal models and humans, with the ultimate goal of generating in vitro sperm to treat infertility.
Germ cells cant do it alone; they also require help from the neighboring somatic cells which provide signals and nutrients. While most research has focused on the Sertoli nurse cells or testosterone-producing Leydig cells, our study shows that many other underappreciated cell types could provide important input. Learning about these communications will be critical to identify and stimulate human cells in order to produce sperm as a future therapeutic option.
This work was supported by theMichigan Institute for Data Science, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and Open Philanthropy
Paper cited: Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Human, Macaque, and Mouse Testes Uncovers Conserved and Divergent Features of Mammalian Spermatogenesis. Developmental Cell. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.010
Continued here:
Looking to Mouse, Macaque and Human Germ Cells for New Insight into Infertility - University of Michigan Health System News
Why Do Men and Women React Differently to COVID-19? – Medscape
Find the latest COVID-19 news and guidance in Medscape's Coronavirus Resource Center.
This transcript has been edited for clarity.
Hello. This is Dr JoAnn Manson, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital.
What have we learned about sex and gender differences in COVID-19?
That there are many sex and gender differences in both health and disease is old news. For many conditions, rates differ markedly by sex. There are also important differences in the response to therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, and other factors.
But what about the sex and gender differences that are relevant to COVID-19? My colleagues and I recently published a summary of the evidence and a call to action on this subject.
Rates of COVID infection seem to be quite different between men and women. In many countries, reported case fatality rates are higher in menin Italy, South Korea, China, and the United States. For example, in Italy, about 70% of the deaths from COVID were in men. In the approximately 60% of deaths from COVID-19.
There could be both biological and behavioral/sociocultural explanations for this.
On the biological side, there's evidence that women have better innate and adaptive immune responses. They have a more robust response to vaccination and more rapid clearance of viruses and other pathogens. There are genes for immune function that reside on the X chromosome.
There may be differences in the effects of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) on immune modulation. Estrogen and progesterone have an immune-modulatory role and tend to tamp down inflammation more so than testosterone and androgens. Some current randomized clinical trials are studying the ability of transdermal estradiol and progesterone to reduce inflammatory response and improve clinical outcomes.
In terms of behavioral factors, there are major differences in some countries in rates of smoking between men and women. There may be handwashing and, therefore, the likelihood of transmitting the virus between men and women. There is also a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease in men compared with women.
On the flip side, some effects of the pandemic may be more severe in women. For example, women may be more susceptible to stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder than men. The prolonged period of social isolation and the ongoing stress and anxiety may actually have more adverse repercussions in the long term on the emotional well-being of women compared with men. It's important to have efforts in place to monitor and mitigate this.
In our call to action, we encouraged researchers to account for sex and gender in their research. This goes beyond stratifying for sex to also take into account the design of studies to include sex and gender factors. We also encourage clinicians to take into account sex and gender in patient care to improve health for all.
Thank you so much for your attention. This is JoAnn Manson.
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Why Do Men and Women React Differently to COVID-19? - Medscape
Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Testosterone Propionate Market Size, Share, Applications, Regions, Top Companies, Trends, Market Drivers and Forecast…
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What Is The Best Treatment For Low Testosterone? – Popdust
Low testosterone levels are a very common problem for men - approximately 25 million men in the US suffer from it. Testosterone levels start to decline in men every year after 30. It can decrease between 19% and 39% in older men, which is a substantial amount.
Lower testosterone can cause low energy, low muscle mass, erectile dysfunction, decreased sex drive, brain fog, and more.
Many online healthcare companies have emerged with testosterone level tests to help men figure out if they have low testosterone levels and how to tackle their issues as a result. Vault health, Roman, My Lab Box, and Lets Get Checked seem to be the main contenders.
Our editors compared and contrasted these services to see which one was the best, so if you think you may be suffering from low testosterone, you'll know where to go for help.
Vault Health
With Vault, a medical professional comes to your home to get a blood sample to test. From there, you will be contacted virtually via video call or phone call and based on your results, they will recommend a personalized treatment plan for you. The testosterone treatment can come in many forms such as pills, subcutaneous self-injections, and creams - it's not a one size fits all treatment.
Once you and your Vault provider decide on a treatment it is regularly mailed directly to your door in discreet packaging. You'll receive ongoing support including a check in 6 weeks after starting treatment, and you have 24/7 access to medical practitioners if you have any questions.
Roman
Roman is a well known online healthcare company that treats sexual health problems caused by lowering testosterone levels. They have treatments for some STDs and ED, and have a supplement for testosterone support. This supplement is a hormone free formula and is not meant for men who have been diagnosed with low testosterone, it supports overall health but it is not a solution. It includes ingredients such as Zinc, Magnesium, and Vitamin D3 that help "support the body's natural function." Zinc can raise testosterone a bit, but the other ingredients have not been shown to raise testosterone.
This supplement is available on their website for anyone to buy as an everyday supplement. This testosterone support supplement is backed by doctors, but there are no personal calls or ongoing support that come with it. It is not a personalized treatment like Vault.
My Lab Box
My Lab Box specializes in at home STD tests that you can order online, and they also have a testosterone test. This test is a pain free test you can get delivered to your door. The test takes just 5 minutes, and you get your lab results in 2-5 days. This will let you know if you have low testosterone or not. However, from there, you will have to seek your own treatment as My Lab Box only provides tests.
Let's Get Checked
Let's Get Checked offers a very similar service to My Lab Box. It is a company that you can order tests you can do from your home. They also have a testosterone test. However, Lets Get Checked provides you with more information about how to do the test on their site, stating that a blood sample is collected with a finger prick. You can also subscribe to test your testosterone every 3 months at a 30% discount. Like My Lab box, Lets Get Checked does not offer any treatment plans for low testosterone.
Overall Verdict
Overall, we felt the best service by far is Vault health.
Lets Get Checked and My Lab Box are both affordable services at only $69 for a test. If you think it's unlikely that you have low testosterone but would like to test just for peace of mind, perhaps one of these would be the service for you - but if you do in fact have low testosterone, you will have to seek your own treatment with a doctor. However, they only check total testosterone, whereas Vault checks a whole panel to really evaluate your true hormone status.
Roman's testosterone treatment is essentially a supplement with ingredients that are supposed to help sexual function, libido, and semen quality. However, these results are based only on animals, or only helped humans who actually had a vitamin deficiency. So, essentially, it will not increase testosterone, but it will help you be healthier overall, which will improve your sexual function.
A lot of doctors tend to treat the symptoms of low testosterone, instead of the cause. Vault health is the only service out of these four that provides a complete testosterone test, and actually aims to fix the problem by getting to the root of it and prescribing testosterone treatment that is personalized to your needs. Not only that, they offer continuous support from medical professionals throughout. All of this, from the comfort of your home. Vault is the clear winner.
Vault Health's providers are currently accepting new applicants! Follow this link to get started.
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What Is The Best Treatment For Low Testosterone? - Popdust
Androgen Replacement Therapy Market potential growth, share, demand and analysis of key players – research… – Azizsalon News
This detailed market study covers androgen replacement therapy market growth potentials which can assist the stake holders to understand key trends and prospects in androgen replacement therapy market identifying the growth opportunities and competitive scenarios. The report also focuses on data from different primary and secondary sources, and is analyzed using various tools. It helps to gain insights into the markets growth potential, which can help investors identify scope and opportunities. The analysis also provides details of each segment in the global androgen replacement therapy market
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According to the report, the androgen replacement therapy market report points out national and global business prospects and competitive conditions for androgen replacement therapy. Market size estimation and forecasts were given based on a detailed research methodology tailored to the conditions of the demand for androgen replacement therapy. The androgen replacement therapy market has been segmented by product type (creams/gels, patches, injections, implants, and oral tablets/capsules/gums), by active ingredient type (testosterone, methyl testosterone, testosterone undecanoate, testosterone enanthate, and testosterone cypionate), by distribution channel (hospitals pharmacies, retail pharmacies, and online pharmacies). Historical background for the demand of androgen replacement therapy has been studied according to organic and inorganic innovations in order to provide accurate estimates of the market size. Primary factors influencing the growth of the demand androgen replacement therapy have also been established with potential gravity.
Regional segmentation and analysis to understand growth patterns:
The market has been segmented in major regions to understand the global development and demand patterns of this market.
North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific by region are estimated to dominate the androgen replacement therapy market during the forecast period. These regions have been market leaders for the overall healthcare sector in terms of technological developments and advanced medical treatments. Moreover, the government policies have been favourable for the growth of the healthcare infrastructure in these regions. North America and Europe have an established healthcare infrastructure for product innovations and early adaptations. This is expected to drive the demand for androgen replacement therapy market during the forecast period.
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The US, Germany, France, UK, Canada, and Spain have been some the major markets in the region. Asia Pacific is estimated to register one of highest CAGR for androgen replacement therapy market during the forecast period. This region has witnessed strategic investments by global companies to cater the growing demand in the recent years. China, Japan, India, South Korea, and Australia are amongst some of the key countries for androgen replacement therapy market in the region. Other regions including Middle East, Europe, and Rest of the World (South America and Africa) are estimated to be emerging markets for androgen replacement therapy market during the forecast period.
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The researchers have studied the market in depth and have developed important segments such as product type, application and region. Each and every segment and its sub-segments are analyzed based on their market share, growth prospects and CAGR. Each market segment offers in-depth, both qualitative and quantitative information on market outlook.
With an emphasis on strategies there have been several primary developments done by major companies such as AbbVie, Inc., Allergan Plc, Bayer AG, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Kyowa Kirin International Plc, Mylan N.V., Novartis International AG, Pfizer, Inc., Clarus Therapeutics, Ferring Holding SA, Perrigo Company Plc, Acerus Pharmaceuticals Corporation.
Market Segmentation:
By Product Type:o Creams/Gelso Patcheso Injectionso Implantso Oral Tablets/Capsules/Gums.
By Active Ingredient Type:o Hospitals Pharmacieso Retail Pharmacieso Online Pharmacies
By Distribution Channel:o Testosteroneo Methyl Testosteroneo Testosterone Undecanoateo Testosterone Enanthateo Testosterone Cypionate
By Region:
North America Androgen Replacement Therapy Marketo North America, by CountryUSCanadaMexicoo North America, by Product Typeo North America, by Modalityo North America, by Distribution Channel
Europe Androgen Replacement Therapy Marketo Europe, by CountryGermanyRussiaUKFranceItalySpainThe NetherlandsRest of Europeo Europe, by Product Typeo Europe, by Modalityo Europe, by Distribution Channel
Asia Pacific Androgen Replacement Therapy Marketo Asia Pacific, by CountryChinaIndiaJapanSouth KoreaAustraliaIndonesiaRest of Asia Pacifico Asia Pacific, by Product Typeo Asia Pacific, by Modalityo Asia Pacific, by Distribution Channel
Middle East & Africa Androgen Replacement Therapy Marketo Middle East & Africa, by CountryUAESaudi ArabiaQatarSouth AfricaRest of Middle East & Africao Middle East & Africa, by Product Typeo Middle East & Africa, by Modalityo Middle East & Africa, by Distribution Channel
South America Androgen Replacement Therapy Marketo South America, by CountryBrazilArgentinaColombiaRest of South Americao South America, by Product Typeo South America, by Modalityo South America, by Distribution Channel
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o Provides niche insights for decision about every possible segment helping in strategic decision making process.o Market size estimation of the androgen replacement therapy market on a regional and global basis.
o A unique research design for market size estimation and forecast.o Identification of major companies operating in the market with related developmentso Exhaustive scope to cover all the possible segments helping every stakeholder in the androgen replacement therapy
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This study is customized to meet your specific requirements:
o By Segmento By Sub-segmento By Region/Countryo Product Specific Competitive Analysis
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Androgen Replacement Therapy Market potential growth, share, demand and analysis of key players - research... - Azizsalon News
Testosterone Gel Market Increasing Demand with Leading Players, Comprehensive Analysis, Forecast to 2026 – Cole of Duty
Global Testosterone Gel Market Size, Status and Forecast 2020-2026
The Testosterone Gel Market report is a valuable source of insightful data for business strategists. It provides the industry overview with growth analysis and historical & futuristic cost, revenue, demand, and supply data (as applicable). The research analysts provide an elaborate description of the value chain and its distributor analysis. This Market study provides comprehensive data that enhances the understanding, scope, and application of this report.
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The report presents the market competitive landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major vendor/key players in the market. Top Companies in the Global Testosterone Gel Market: AbbVie, Teva, Perrigo, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Acerus Pharmaceuticals, Lupin, Dr. Reddys Laboratories, Upsher-Smith Laboratories and others.
Global Testosterone Gel Market Split by Product Type and Applications:
This report segments the global Testosterone Gel market on the basis of Types are:0.01
0.0162
On the basis of Application, the Global Testosterone Gel market is segmented into:Primary hypogonadism
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Late-onset hypogonadism
Regional Analysis For Testosterone Gel Market:
North America (The United States, Canada, and Mexico)Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, and Italy)Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, and Southeast Asia)South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, etc.)The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa)
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Influence of the Testosterone Gel Market Report:
-Comprehensive assessment of all opportunities and risks in the Testosterone Gel market.-The detailed study of business strategies for the growth of the Testosterone Gel market-leading players.-Conclusive study about the growth plot of the Testosterone Gel market for forthcoming years.-In-depth understanding of Testosterone Gel market-particular drivers, constraints, and major micro markets.-Favorable impression inside vital technological and market latest trends striking the Testosterone Gel market.
What are the market factors that are explained in the report?
-Key Strategic Developments: The study also includes the key strategic developments of the market, comprising R&D, new product launch, M&A, agreements, collaborations, partnerships, joint ventures, and regional growth of the leading competitors operating in the market on a global and regional scale.
-Key Market Features: The report evaluated key market features, including revenue, price, capacity, capacity utilization rate, gross, production, production rate, consumption, import/export, supply/demand, cost, market share, CAGR, and gross margin. In addition, the study offers a comprehensive study of the key market dynamics and their latest trends, along with pertinent market segments and sub-segments.
-Analytical Tools: The Global Testosterone Gel Market report includes the accurately studied and assessed data of the key industry players and their scope in the market by means of a number of analytical tools. The analytical tools such as Porters five forces analysis, SWOT analysis, feasibility study, and investment return analysis have been used to analyze the growth of the key players operating in the market.
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Testosterone Gel Market Increasing Demand with Leading Players, Comprehensive Analysis, Forecast to 2026 - Cole of Duty
Is There a Better Way to Measure Testosterone Using Chromatography? – Chromatography Today
Testosterone is an important sex hormone for humans and other animals. It is important for both men and women, although there are lower levels circulating in a womans body. Although most often associated with sex, testosterone plays other roles in the body too. When the levels start to vary too much, both physical and mental problems can occur so knowing the patients testosterone levels can play an important role in helping a doctor to make an accurate diagnosis of medical problems.
A blood or plasma sample is the usual method used to measure testosterone. But this involves an invasive procedure involving needles. A recent paper published in the Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research reports on an improved chromatography method that can analyse testosterone in both plasma and saliva potentially removing the need for an invasive procedure.
Testosterone belongs to a class of hormones known as androgens also known as anabolic steroids or steroids. In males, testosterone is produced mainly in the testicles and in women in the ovaries. Production of testosterone is controlled by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus which is in the brain. The hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland how much testosterone is needed, this is then relayed to the testicles that produce the testosterone.
Testosterone is the primary sex hormone in men. Before birth, testosterone plays a role in developing sex organs with a further release for puberty leading to the development of the penis and testicles and the growth of body hair. Testosterone also plays a major role in the production of sperm and affects our sex drive. Besides its role as a sex hormone, testosterone is also involved in red blood cell production and how our fat supplies are distributed.
Low testosterone can cause various symptoms and conditions. It is known that it decreases with age, but sometimes an injury to a testicle, chemotherapy or radiation can cause testosterone levels to drop. Low testosterone can impact male fertility due to its links with sperm production. Low testosterone in a teenager can also affect puberty or indicate a problem with the pituitary gland.
The usual test is a blood test. But work by researchers in Saudi Arabia and published as An improved method for measurement of testosterone in human plasma and saliva by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry suggest that a saliva test could be just as good and less invasive. The team developed a method for analysing both saliva and plasma samples for testosterone using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Developments in liquid chromatography are discussed in the article, The Theory and Advantages of Solid-Core Particles. The study authors conclude that: A simple, sensitive, specific, and rapid UPLC-MS/MS assay for measuring clinically relevant testosterone level in human plasma and saliva was developed and validated.
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Is There a Better Way to Measure Testosterone Using Chromatography? - Chromatography Today
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