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Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Research Report 2017 to 2022 provides a unique tool for evaluating the market, highlighting opportunities, and supporting strategic and tactical decision-making. This report recognizes that in this rapidly-evolving and competitive environment, up-to-date marketing information is essential to monitor performance and make critical decisions for growth and profitability. It provides information on trends and developments, and focuses on markets and materials, capacities and technologies, and on the changing structure of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market.

Companies Mentioned are AbbVie, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Mylan, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Antares Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Allergan, Antares Pharma, Sandoz, Clarus Therapeutics, Juniper Pharmaceuticals, Endo International, Acerus Pharmaceuticals, Forendo Pharma, MetP Pharma, Repros Therapeutics

The Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market consists of different international, regional, and local vendors. The market competition is foreseen to grow higher with the rise in technological innovation and M&A activities in the future. Moreover, many local and regional vendors are offering specific application products for varied end-users. The new vendor entrants in the market are finding it hard to compete with the international vendors based on quality, reliability, and innovations in technology.

This report segments the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market on the basis of types, Gels, Injectables, Patches, Other On the basis of application, the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market is segmented into Hospitals, Clinics, Other

Browse full report at: https://www.marketinsightsreports.com/reports/090117112/global-testosterone-replacement-therapy-market-professional-survey-report-2017

This independent 112 page report guarantees you will remain better informed than your competition. With over 165 tables and figures examining the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market, the report gives you a visual, one-stop breakdown of the leading products, submarkets and market leaders market revenue forecasts as well as analysis to 2022.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), and market share and growth rate of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast), covering Global, Europe, Japan, China, India , Southeast Asia, Other.

The report provides a basic overview of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. And development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures.

Then, the report focuses on Global major leading industry players with information such as company profiles, product picture and specifications, sales, market share and contact information. Whats more, the Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed.

The research includes historic data from 2012 to 2016 and forecasts until 2022 which makes the reports an invaluable resource for industry executives, marketing, sales and product managers, consultants, analysts, and other people looking for key industry data in readily accessible documents with clearly presented tables and graphs. The report will make detailed analysis mainly on above questions and in-depth research on the development environment, market size, development trend, operation situation and future development trend of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on the basis of stating current situation of the industry in 2017 so as to make comprehensive organization and judgment on the competition situation and development trend of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market and assist manufacturers and investment organization to better grasp the development course of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market.

Inquire for sample copy at: https://www.marketinsightsreports.com/reports/090117112/global-testosterone-replacement-therapy-market-professional-survey-report-2017/inquiry

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to a SWOT analysis of the key vendors.

There are 15 Chapters to deeply display the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market.

Chapter 1, to describe Testosterone Replacement Therapy Introduction, product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market risk, market driving force;

Chapter 2, to analyze the top manufacturers of Testosterone Replacement Therapy, with sales, revenue, and price of Testosterone Replacement Therapy, in 2016 and 2017;

Chapter 3, to display the competitive situation among the top manufacturers, with sales, revenue and market share in 2016and 2017;

Chapter 4, to show the Global market by regions, with sales, revenue and market share of Testosterone Replacement Therapy, for each region, from 2012to 2017;

Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to analyze the key regions, with sales, revenue and market share by key countries in these regions;

Chapter 10 and 11, to show the market by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2012 to 2017;

Chapter 12, Testosterone Replacement Therapy market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2017to 2022;

Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Testosterone Replacement Therapy sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.

About Us:-

MarketInsightsReports provides syndicated market research reports to industries, organizations or even individuals with an aim of helping them in their decision making process. These reports include in-depth market research studies i.e. market share analysis, industry analysis, information on products, countries, market size, trends, business research details and much more. MarketInsightsReports provides global and regional market intelligence coverage, a 360-degree market view which includes statistical forecasts, competitive landscape, detailed segmentation, key trends, and strategic recommendations.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Global Insights and ... - E News Access (press release)

Dear Dr. Roach: I am a 67-year-old male in fair to good health (more good than fair, really). In a recent column, you mentioned that a good testosterone level for a man taking a replacement would be between 500-600 ng/dl.

In November, I was tested for my testosterone level. At the time, I was (and still am) suffering from a low sex drive and erectile dysfunction. My level was 290 ng/dl. The reference range my primary care doctor bases his judgment on has an acceptable range from 193-950 ng/dl; hence he said my level was low normal.

When looking at the symptoms of low testosterone, I noted that I have at least four symptoms: low sex drive, ED (for which I have already been treated with a prosthetic implant), loss of body hair (especially my legs) and, most notably, osteoporosis (for which I take alendronate sodium, 70 mg weekly). I was diagnosed in November.

I also am being treated for depression and anxiety disorder, and have been since 2001. I dont know if this is related to my testosterone level.

Should I talk to my doctor about the disparity Ive found in reference ranges? Should I be seeking treatment for the low testosterone? J.P.P.

Answer: I think you definitely should speak to your primary care physician. You also might benefit from a discussion with a urologist or endocrinologist with experience in treating men with testosterone replacement.

When we look at normal testosterone levels by age, we find that older men have lower normal levels; however, given your symptoms and result, I certainly would think a trial of testosterone would be appropriate. I must say that I am surprised that you had an implant placed without a trial of testosterone first. I also am surprised you were treated for osteoporosis without a trial of testosterone replacement, which has been shown to improve bone density in men with low testosterone levels (one study treated men with a testosterone level below 350; another if they were below 320). Low libido and erectile dysfunction both frequently respond to testosterone replacement: Some men get benefit in their mood as well. You sound to me like an excellent candidate for testosterone replacement.

Dr. Roach writes: A recent column from a man asking for alternatives to coronary bypass surgery generated many letters with the same question: Why not advise a change in diet as an alternative to surgery?

There are two reasons. The first is that its not an alternative to surgery: Its a medical recommendation that should be made for every person with diagnosed coronary disease. Nearly all people can improve their diet. While a vegan diet was the most common recommendation I received, it still is not clear that a vegan diet is most likely to reduce coronary disease. In the vast literature on diet, there are only a few well-done studies that show a benefit. The clearest benefit has been from the Mediterranean diet, but a very-low-fat, plant-based diet, in combination with stress reduction and smoking cessation, has been shown to help reverse coronary lesions.

The second reason is that if someone needs the arteries in his or her heart reopened, the changes in diet are not likely to reverse blockages in the time needed to prevent a heart attack.

Healthy diet changes are appropriate for all people with heart blockages, but inadequate by themselves in the short term, in people with symptoms of angina and serious blockages.

^

Dr. Keith Roach is a syndicated columnist with North America Syndicate Inc., P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475.

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Dr. Roach: Testosterone replacement can affect sex drive, osteoporosis - LubbockOnline.com

Traders Magazine Online News, August 25, 2017

John D'Antona Jr.

Wall Street has historically been a mans world.

And while women have made inroads all across the financial industry, men still seem to dominate trading desks. Now, one group of researchers has decided to more closely examine what drives a male trader to either hit a bid or lift an offering. A group of researchers with the Ivey Business School at Western University in London, Ont., set out to look at the role of testosterone on the markets.

In a recent CBC Canada report, the researchers explained that they wanted to simulate what happens when people are at elevated levels ... how would they trade with high testosterone.

For their "experimental market" study, researchers divided 140 men into two groups and let them do mock trading amongst themselves. One group received a placebo treatment the other, a topical gel containing testosterone.

Amos Nadler is an assistant finance professor with the Ivey Business School at Western University. He was involved in the study on financial trading and testosterone. He told CBC that the testosterone-fuelled group was more reckless in its trading, willing to bid well above the value of a given commodity in hopes of a higher return. Researchers say the behavior increased the odds of a market crash.

By comparison, the placebo group was trading more rationally, buying low to sell high, instead of buying high to sell higher.

"Your body produces more testosterone when you prepared for a challenge ... even more testosterone when you are winning," said Nadler.

The Wall Street experience

When the financial crash hit Wall Street a decade ago, a funny thing happened. Male financial executives started turning to doctors for testosterone supplements in hopes it would boost their output and sharpen their faculties.

"All of these men are under tons of stress, and stress will reduce their levels of testosterone," said Manhattan-based Dr. Lionel Bissoon in a story in the Financial Times in 2012

Nadler said studies based on gender rather than the male hormone found that women also tend to keep a more level head in the high-adrenalin setting of a trading floor.

"Single males over-traded and lost the most money, while women tend to be more conservative and actually make more money than men," said Nadler

Impulsive trading can sometimes be good

The Ivey study was done in collaboration with the University of Oxford and Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, Calif.

While it found that testosterone clearly played a role in more reckless trading and spending, Nadler cautions male traders aren't all bad.

"Being slightly more impulsive can be a good thing ... there are some results that showed the higher-testosterone guys made a bit more money than their counterparts," said Nadler.

"It can also be very harmful in some situations if you are being impulsive."

For more information on related topics, visit the following channels:

Read the original post:
Elevated Testosterone Linked to 'Reckless' Financial Trading, Study Finds - Traders Magazine

Dear Dr. Roach I am a 67-year-old male in fair to good health (more good than fair, really). In a recent column, you mentioned that a good testosterone level for a man taking a replacement would be between 500-600 ng/dl.

In November 2016, I was tested for my testosterone level. At the time, I was (and still am) suffering from a low sex drive and erectile dysfunction. My level was 290 ng/dl. The reference range my primary care doctor bases his judgment on has an acceptable range from 193-950 ng/dl; hence he said my level was low normal.

When looking at the symptoms of low testosterone, I noted that I have at least four symptoms: low sex drive, ED (for which I have already been treated with a prosthetic implant), loss of body hair (especially my legs) and, most notably, osteoporosis (for which I take alendronate sodium, 70 mg weekly). I was diagnosed in November.

I also am being treated for depression and anxiety disorder, and have been since 2001. I dont know if this is related to my testosterone level.

Should I talk to my doctor about the disparity Ive found in reference ranges? Should I be seeking treatment for the low testosterone? J.P.P.

Answer I think you definitely should speak to your primary care physician. You also might benefit from a discussion with a urologist or endocrinologist with experience in treating men with testosterone replacement.

When we look at normal testosterone levels by age, we find that older men have lower normal levels; however, given your symptoms and result, I certainly would think a trial of testosterone would be appropriate. I must say that I am surprised that you had an implant placed without a trial of testosterone first. I also am surprised you were treated for osteoporosis without a trial of testosterone replacement, which has been shown to improve bone density in men with low testosterone levels (one study treated men with a testosterone level below 350; another if they were below 320). Low libido and erectile dysfunction both frequently respond to testosterone replacement: Some men get benefit in their mood as well. You sound to me like an excellent candidate for testosterone replacement.

Dr. Roach regrets that he is unable to answer individual letters, but will incorporate them in the column whenever possible. Readers may email questions to ToYourGoodHealth@med.cornell.edu or request an order form of available health newsletters at 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, Fla. 32803. Health newsletters may be ordered from rbmamall.com.

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Testosterone replacement can affect sex drive, osteoporosis | To ... - STLtoday.com

As a man the sort of thoughtful, Fawcett Society-supporting man who lowers the toilet seat after peeing, even when he has the house to himself its hard to talk about women and their hormones. Theres no doubt that they affect minds and bodies, through puberty, pregnancy and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The National Association for Premenstrual Syndromes list of common symptoms includes mood swings, depression, tiredness, anxiety, feeling out of control, irritability, aggression, headaches, sleep disorder, food cravings, breast tenderness, bloating, weight gain and clumsiness.

Men cant and shouldnt ignore this catalogue of woes. But theres a fine line between commiserating and condescending. Its too easy and tempting to dismiss a womans actions or opinions because its that time of the month. Mostly it isnt. Many women are lucky enough to escape PMS. And even when they dont, sometimes shes still right and youre still wrong.

For better or worse, however, we males must now face up to our own fluctuating chemistry. We may not routinely bloat and bleed, but a new study makes it clear that we too are at the mercy of our hormones specifically, the one produced between our legs. After testing hundreds of men, researchers from the California Institute of Technology, Wharton School, Western University and ZRT Laboratory reported (pdf) a clear and robust causal effect of testosterone on human cognition and decision-making.

To put it bluntly, testosterone makes you stupid.

Having persuaded 243 men to smear their torsos with either a placebo or a testosterone gel (imagine the lead-up: No, honestly, were not videoing this No, thats not a one-way mirror No, we are not going to offer you a Diet Coke), the scientists gave them a cognitive reflection test designed to assess their ability to answer tricky questions where their first, intuitive answer was likely to be wrong*. Those who had rubbed themselves with testosterone rather than the placebo answered 20% fewer questions correctly while remaining convinced they were right. They also gave incorrect answers more quickly, and correct answers more slowly than the placebo group. As Caltechs Colin Camerer said: The testosterone is either inhibiting the process of mentally checking your work or increasing the intuitive feeling that, Im definitely right.

Perhaps its not Donald Trumps brain thats running things, but the Leydig cells in his testicles

If testosterone does encourage hasty decisions, thats not always a bad thing. If youre being chased by a tiger, for example, its better to either run away or improvise a weapon than to just stand there weighing up your options. All the same, this will be a kick in the teeth for big pharma. In the US particularly, drug companies have encouraged doctors to prescribe billions of dollars worth of testosterone supplements to combat the effects of ageing, despite objections that they do nothing for mens health. A host of studies have already shown a correlation between elevated testosterone levels and aggression and now theyre being linked to dumb overconfidence. That wont help with the marketing though it may explain Donald Trump and his half-cocked willy-waggling. Perhaps its not the presidents brain thats running things, but the Leydig cells in his testicles.

Women arent entirely off the hook their bodies also produce testosterone, though in smaller quantities, and the Caltech study notes that it remains to be tested whether the effect is generalisable to females but for now at least they now have another way to fight the scourge of mansplaining: Youre talking out of your nuts.

Better still, with the evils of testosterone firmly established, the world may learn to appreciate older men. Around the age of 30, no longer young, dumb and full of cum, we typically find our testosterone levels declining, so that with every day that passes we become less aggressive, more rational and generally nicer. Your average 54-year-old to pick an age entirely at random can now boast that as well as decades of experience, he can draw on ever-larger reserves of self-control. Whether were trying to land a beautiful lover or a well-paid job, that should make us quite a catch.

* For example, A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? If you immediately declared 10 rather than 5, youre a) wrong and b) possibly covered in testosterone gel.

Phil Daoust is a Guardian feature writer and editor

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Now we men can blame our hormones: testosterone is trouble - The Guardian

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testosterone | eBay

Second- or third-order test for evaluating testosterone status (eg, when abnormalities of sex hormone-binding globulin are present)

Testosterone is the major androgenic hormone. It is responsible for the development of the male external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics. In females, its main role is as an estrogen precursor. In both genders, it also exerts anabolic effects and influences behavior.

In men, testosterone is secreted by the testicular Leydig cells and, to a minor extent, by the adrenal cortex. In premenopausal women, the ovaries are the main source of testosterone with minor contributions by the adrenals and peripheral tissues. After menopause, ovarian testosterone production is significantly diminished. Testosterone production in testes and ovaries is regulated via pituitary-gonadal feedback involving luteinizing hormone (LH) and, to a lesser degree, inhibins and activins.

Most circulating testosterone is bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which in men also is called testosterone-binding globulin. A lesser fraction is albumin bound and a small proportion exists as free hormone. Historically, only the free testosterone was thought to be the biologically active component. However, testosterone is weakly bound to serum albumin and dissociates freely in the capillary bed, thereby becoming readily available for tissue uptake. All non-SHBG-bound testosterone is therefore considered bioavailable.

During childhood, excessive production of testosterone induces premature puberty in boys and masculinization in girls. In adult women, excess testosterone production results in varying degrees of virilization, including hirsutism, acne, oligo-amenorrhea, or infertility. Mild-to-moderate testosterone elevations are usually asymptomatic in males, but can cause distressing symptoms in females. The exact causes for mild-to-moderate elevations in testosterone often remain obscure. Common causes of pronounced elevations of testosterone include genetic conditions (eg, congenital adrenal hyperplasia); adrenal, testicular, and ovarian tumors; and abuse of testosterone or gonadotrophins by athletes.

Decreased testosterone in females causes subtle symptoms. These may include some decline in libido and nonspecific mood changes. In males, it results in partial or complete degrees of hypogonadism. This is characterized by changes in male secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive function. The cause is either primary or secondary/tertiary (pituitary/hypothalamic) testicular failure. In adult men, there also is a gradual modest, but progressive, decline in testosterone production starting between the fourth and sixth decades of life. Since this is associated with a simultaneous increase of SHBG levels, bioavailable testosterone may decline more significantly than apparent total testosterone, causing nonspecific symptoms similar to those observed in testosterone deficient females. However, severe hypogonadism, consequent to aging alone, is rare.

Measurement of total testosterone (TTST / Testosterone, Total, Serum) is often sufficient for diagnosis, particularly if it is combined with measurements of LH and follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) (LH / Luteinizing Hormone [LH], Serum and FSH / Follicle-Stimulating Hormone [FSH], Serum). However, these tests may be insufficient for diagnosis of mild abnormalities of testosterone homeostasis, particularly if abnormalities in SHBG (SHBG / Sex Hormone Binding Globulin [SHBG], Serum) function or levels are present. Additional measurements of free testosterone or bioavailable testosterone are recommended in this situation; bioavailable testosterone (see TTBS / Testosterone, Total and Bioavailable, Serum) is the preferred assay.

TESTOSTERONE, TOTAL

Males

0-5 months: 75-400 ng/dL

6 months-9 years: <7-20 ng/dL

10-11 years: <7-130 ng/dL

12-13 years: <7-800 ng/dL

14 years: <7-1,200 ng/dL

15-16 years: 100-1,200 ng/dL

17-18 years: 300-1,200 ng/dL

> or =19 years: 240-950 ng/dL

Tanner Stages*

I (prepubertal): <7-20

II: 8-66

III: 26-800

IV: 85-1,200

V (young adult): 300-950

Females

0-5 months: 20-80 ng/dL

6 months-9 years: <7-20 ng/dL

10-11 years: <7-44 ng/dL

12-16 years: <7-75 ng/dL

17-18 years: 20-75 ng/dL

> or =19 years: 8-60 ng/dL

Tanner Stages*

I (prepubertal): <7-20

II: <7-47

III: 17-75

IV: 20-75

V (young adult): 12-60

*Puberty onset (transition from Tanner stage I to Tanner stage II) occurs for boys at a median age of 11.5 (+/-2) years and for girls at a median age of 10.5 (+/-2) years. There is evidence that it may occur up to 1 year earlier in obese girls and in African American girls. For boys, there is no definite proven relationship between puberty onset and body weight or ethnic origin. Progression through Tanner stages is variable. Tanner stage V (young adult) should be reached by age 18.

TESTOSTERONE, FREE

Males (adult):

20 - <25 years: 5.25-20.7 ng/dL

25 - <30 years: 5.05-19.8 ng/dL

30 - <35 years: 4.85-19.0 ng/dL

35 - <40 years: 4.65-18.1 ng/dL

40 - <45 years: 4.46-17.1 ng/dL

45 - <50 years: 4.26-16.4 ng/dL

50 - <55 years: 4.06-15.6 ng/dL

55 - <60 years: 3.87-14.7 ng/dL

60 - <65 years: 3.67-13.9 ng/dL

65 - <70 years: 3.47-13.0 ng/dL

70 - <75 years: 3.28-12.2 ng/dL

75 - <80 years: 3.08-11.3 ng/dL

80 - <85 years: 2.88-10.5 ng/dL

85 - <90 years: 2.69-9.61 ng/dL

90 - <95 years: 2.49-8.76 ng/dL

95-100+ years: 2.29-7.91 ng/dL

Males (children):

<1 year: Term infants

1 to 15 days: 0.20-3.10 ng/dL*

16 days to 1 year: Values decrease gradually from newborn (0.20-3.10 ng/dL) to prepubertal levels

*Citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973;36(6):1132-1142

1-8 years: <0.04-0.11 ng/dL

9 years: <0.04-0.45 ng/dL

10 years: <0.04-1.26 ng/dL

11 years: <0.04-5.52 ng/dL

12 years: <0.04-9.28 ng/dL

13 years: <0.04-12.6 ng/dL

14 years: 0.48-15.3 ng/dL

15 years: 1.62-17.7 ng/dL

16 years: 2.93-19.5 ng/dL

17 years: 4.28-20.9 ng/dL

18 years: 5.40-21.8 ng/dL

19 years: 5.36-21.2 ng/dL

Females (adult):

20 - <25 years: 0.06-1.08 ng/dL

25 - <30 years: 0.06-1.06 ng/dL

30 - <35 years: 0.06-1.03 ng/dL

35 - <40 years: 0.06-1.00 ng/dL

40 - <45 years: 0.06-0.98 ng/dL

45 - <50 years: 0.06-0.95 ng/dL

50 - <55 years: 0.06-0.92 ng/dL

55 - <60 years: 0.06-0.90 ng/dL

60 - <65 years: 0.06-0.87 ng/dL

65 - <70 years: 0.06-0.84 ng/dL

70 - <75 years: 0.06-0.82 ng/dL

75 - <80 years: 0.06-0.79 ng/dL

80 - <85 years: 0.06-0.76 ng/dL

85 - <90 years: 0.06-0.73 ng/dL

90 - <95 years: 0.06-0.71 ng/dL

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TTFB - Clinical: Testosterone, Total, Bioavailable, and Free ...

Many of us might not consider testosterone, a hormone in the androgen (or male) category, as vital for women. However, a womans sexual health can be extremely affected by decreased testosterone levels (or low T).

Testosterone hormone in women is emitted from the ovaries and adrenal glands, with levels of the hormone naturally increasing during puberty and pregnancy and decreasing with age and the onset of menopause. However, a sudden drop in testosterone can affect a womans libido, energy levels, and mood.

Here are ten common signs of low testosterone in women

Women with decreased testosterone levels often notice a sudden drop in their energy levels. This can manifest in several ways; you may have a hard time finding the energy to get out of bed in the morning, or you just may feel drained of energy throughout the day. Physical activities which dont normally cause fatigue may leave you feeling spent or exhausted, and you may struggle to get through what would otherwise be a normal day or work or leisure.

One of the telltale signs that your chronic fatigue may have an underlying cause (and could therefore be related to low testosterone levels) is that is is unrelieved by sleep. In other words, if youre finding yourself chronically tired even though youre getting lots of sleep at night or supplementing with naps throughout the day, a hormone deficiency could be the underlying problem. However, lots of medical conditions can cause fatigue, so youll have to see a doctor for a diagnosis.

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10 Signs of Low Testosterone in Women | ActiveBeat

What are androgens?

Hormones are chemical messengers madeby glands in the body that are carried inthe blood to act on other organs in thebody. Hormones are needed for growth,reproduction and well-being.

Androgens are male sex hormones thatincrease at puberty and are needed for aboy to develop into a sexually mature adultwho can reproduce. The most importantandrogen is testosterone.

Testosterone is the most important androgen(male sex hormone) in men and it is neededfor normal reproductive and sexual function.Testosterone is important for the physicalchanges that happen during male puberty,such as development of the penis and testes,and for the features typical of adult mensuch as facial and body hair. Testosterone alsoacts on cells in the testes to make sperm.

Testosterone is also important for overallgood health. It helps the growth of bonesand muscles, and affects mood and libido(sex drive). Some testosterone is changed intooestrogen, the female sex hormone, and thisis important for bone health in men.Testosterone is mainly made in the testes. Asmall amount of testosterone is also made bythe adrenal glands, which are walnut-sizedglands that sit on top of the kidneys.

The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus,located at the base of the brain, controlthe production of male hormones andsperm. Luteinizing hormone (LH) andfollicle stimulating hormone (FSH) arethe two important messenger hormonesmade by the pituitary gland that act onthe testes.

LH is needed for the Leydig cells in thetestes to make testosterone, the male sexhormone. Testosterone and FSH from thepituitary gland then act together on theseminiferous tubules (sperm-producingtubes) in the testes to make sperm.

Androgen, or testosterone, deficiency iswhen the body is not able to make enoughtestosterone for the body to functionnormally. Although not a life-threateningproblem, androgen deficiency can affectyour quality of life.

Androgen deficiency due to diseases of thetestes or hypothalamus-pituitary affectsabout one in 200 men under 60 years ofage. It is likely that androgen deficiency isunder-diagnosed and that many men aremissing out on the benefits of treatment.About one in 10 older men may have testosterone levels lower than those inyoung men, but this is usually linked withchronic illness and obesity. The benefits oftestosterone treatment for such men arenot yet known.

Testosterone levels in men are highestbetween the ages of 20 and 30 years. Asmen age there is a small, gradual drop intestosterone levels; they may drop by up toone third between 30 and 80 years of age.

Some men will have a greater drop intestosterone levels as they age, especiallywhen they are obese or have other chronic(long-term) medical problems. On the otherhand, healthy older men with normal bodyweight may not experience any drop inserum testosterone levels.

There is no such thing as male menopauseor andropause that can be compared tomenopause in women.

Low energy levels, mood swings, irritability,poor concentration, reduced muscle strengthand low sex drive can be symptoms ofandrogen deficiency (low testosterone).Symptoms often overlap with those of otherillnesses. The symptoms of androgen deficiencyare different for men of different ages.

Androgen deficiency can be caused bygenetic disorders, medical problems, ordamage to the testes or pituitary gland.Androgen deficiency happens when thereare problems within the testes or withhormone production in the brain. A commonchromosomal disorder that causes androgendeficiency is Klinefelters syndrome.

A diagnosis of androgen deficiency involveshaving a thorough medical evaluation andat least two blood samples (taken in themorning on different days) to measurehormone levels. Diagnosis should not be simply based on symptoms as these could becaused by other health problems that needdifferent treatment. A diagnosis of androgendeficiency is only confirmed when blood testsshow a lower than normal testosterone level.

A reference range is used as a guide bytesting laboratories and doctors to decide whether a persons hormone levels arenormal or low, and whether treatment is needed. Testosterone is measured in units called nanomalor. The normal testosterone reference range for healthy, young adult men is about 8 to 27 nanomolar but these numbers vary between measurement systems.

Androgen deficiency is treated with testosterone therapy; this means giving testosterone in doses that return the testosterone levels in the blood to normal. Testosterone is prescribed for men with androgen deficiency confirmed by blood tests. Once started, testosterone therapy is usually continued for life and the man needs to be checked regularly by a doctor.

In Australia testosterone therapy is available in the form of injections, gels, lotions, creams, patches and tablets, and works very well for men with confirmed androgen (testosterone) deficiency. The type of treatment prescribed can depend on patient convenience, familiarity and cost.

Commercial testosterone products contain only the natural testosterone molecule that is chemically produced from plant materials.

Side-effects are not expected because testosterone therapy aims to bring a mans testosterone levels back to normal. However, testosterone therapy can increase the growth of the prostate gland which can make the symptoms of benign prostate enlargement (such as needing to urinate more often) worse. In the case of prostate cancer, testosterone therapy is not used because of concerns that it can make the tumour grow.

Too high a dose of testosterone can lead to acne, weight gain, gynaecomastia (breast development), male-pattern hair loss and changes in mood. Any side-effects should be managed by a doctor and the testosterone dose lowered.

There are many herbal products marketed, particularly on the Internet, as treatmentsthat can act like testosterone and improve muscle strength and libido (sex drive). However, there are no known herbal products that can replace testosterone in the body and be used to treat androgen deficiency.

Testosterone therapy generally stops the production of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH, which reduces the size of the testes and can lower or stop sperm being made.

Testosterone treatment should not be given to a man wanting to become a father in the foreseeable future. If sperm production was normal before testosterone therapy, it usually recovers after treatment stops but it can take many months to go back to normal.

Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency aims to bring testosterone levels back to normal and to return muscle strength and energy levels back to normal. However, the use of androgens (anabolic steroids) by normal men to improve athletic performance is illegal and has important short-term and long-term health risks.

Men who use anabolic steroids will lower or even turn off their own testosterone and sperm production. It may take many months for testosterone levels and sperm counts to return to normal after stopping anabolic steroids.

There are no known ways to prevent androgen deficiency caused by damage to the testes or pituitary gland. However, if you live a healthier lifestyle and manage other health problems your testosterone levels may improve, if your low testosterone levels are caused by other illness.

Not all men have a drop in testosterone levels with age. A healthy lifestyle may help you to keep testosterone levels normal.

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