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Even the most dedicated exercise enthusiast can have a hard time in winter.

Cold days and long nights make it hard to get out of bed, let alone get the body moving, but there are simple ways to get motivated when the weather outside is frightful.

The season can indeed be very disruptive to peoples exercise routines, said Jack Raglin, an exercise psychologist and professor at Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington.

You can look at large-scale studies and you see this sort of wave effect where physical activity levels start to decrease as temperature goes down, Raglin told TODAY.

Light is also a factor," he added. "If people live in an area where they come home and its already dark, that can be a physical barrier to exercise and a de-motivation.

The goal is to remove as many obstacles as possible and make small changes that can make staying active easier until spring returns. At this time of year, exercise can also help to cope with seasonal depression.

Here are 11 tips on how to winter-proof your workout:

When exercising alone, there is only one person you have to convince to skip a session. But by exercising with a partner or group, theres some social pressure:

I have to show up because theyre there, waiting for me, Raglin said.

Exercise partners can also provide social support, camaraderie and distraction from bad weather. Theres the additional benefit of making friends and hanging out with like-minded people, he added.

If the schedule calls for early workouts, program the thermostat in the morning to ensure a cozy atmosphere for waking up and place workout clothes near a heater so theyre nice and warm, suggested Lauren Rosella, a personal trainer at UNC REX Healthcare in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Just focus on getting dressed and showing up at the health club, nothing else. Then, it's OK to do an abbreviated workout or leave after a few minutes. (Most people dont.)

Once youre there, the problem is solved. Youre kind of committed to it, Raglin said. Once youve changed into your gear, once youve made the initial step, the rest of it is a lot easier.

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Many people get frustrated when its dark in the morning and dark when they come home from work. The solution is to work out in the middle of the day, during the peak light hours.

If theres no convenient gym nearby, take a long, brisk walk during lunch hour this provides the added benefit of fresh air and a bit of nature. If theres too much snow in the way, head to a nearby mall or shopping center for an indoor stroll.

Many people who start exercising get frustrated when they dont lose weight or feel fit right away. But those benefits take a while to show up, Raglin noted.

The mental health benefits, on the other hand, happen almost immediately. People feel better, less stressed and more relaxed, which may be especially important during the hectic holiday season and a time when many suffer from seasonal affective disorder.

Feel good about feeling good," he said, "and feel good about doing something for yourself that we know has so many benefits that so many people need."

For outdoor workouts, watch the weather forecast and know what youll be up against the next day, whether snow or a cold blast, Raglin advised. Plan the appropriate clothing and have everything ready when for wake up time: gear, gym bag and snack.

Its like youre being helped along, so to speak. That can make a big difference, he said. If you know what youre going to have to experience or endure, it doesnt bother you as much.

This simple goal puts people on the right path without much effort, said Brandon Alderman, an exercise psychologist and associate professor in the department of kinesiology and health at Rutgers University.

The idea behind doing that is youve met your goal and its probably difficult to take those exercise clothes off without actually doing some form of exercise, he said.

This is a more intense variation of the goal above. The advantage is being ready to go right out of bed in clothes that are warm and already in place.

On the other hand, the ritual of getting into exercise clothes can be energizing, Raglin said.

Once you start gearing up, youre getting your head in the game," he said. "Its like a pre-game ritual. Its almost like my heart starts beating faster once I begin to do that."

Swimming is one of the best sports for a long and healthy life. A warm indoor pool can be the perfect place for a workout when the weather outside doesnt cooperate.

Choose a song that to get out of bed and get the heart beating faster. Thats when the race begins, so dont hit the snooze button, Raglin cautioned.

If youre giving yourself a couple of options to snooze, youre done a lot of the time, he noted.

Winter is really a bad time to do it," Raglin said. "But unfortunately, a lot of people start January 1. Its just a penalty on top of a penalty.

People have been overindulging, they feel guilty, they feel like they have to do it and then theyre starting at a time when the environment is kind of conspiring against them.

It's better to start with baby steps and start somewhere warm.

A. Pawlowski is a TODAY contributing editor focusing on health news and features. Previously, she was a writer, producer and editor at CNN.

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How to stay active in winter: 11 winter workout tips for exercising in cold weather - TODAY

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Another year is on its way out, and with it, so are a slew of bizarre and hot-ticket wellness trends or so we hope. People fall for all sorts of health trends each year (shout out to 2018s cow cuddling), and 2019 has been no different.

While some trends seem to provide a few benefits for some people hello, keto diet and sober curiosity others are full of lofty promises, faux fixes and dangerous side effects. Or at best, they still need more scientific research before any definitive conclusions can be made.

And so, we think its time to shut the door on a handful of them for now. Here are the wellness trends worth leaving behind:

Putting CBD in absolutely everything

IRA_EVVA via Getty Images

If theres one wellness trend people went full force toward this year, its cannabidiol, aka CBD. It showed up in food, beauty products, tampons and more.

Although many people doctors included claim CBD can alleviate a range of maladies, like anxiety, pain and sleep issues, the compound is not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, which means no one really knows for sure whats in CBD products.

Given that CBD is largely unregulated, users need to be more aware of its effect on their bodies, said Dana Dorfman, a psychotherapist based in New York City. While people experience its positive effects, they must also consider that the longer-term effects of the substance may not be adequately researched.

Additionally, CBD interacts with a lot of medications, including blood thinners and anti-anxiety meds, which can have very dangerous side effects.

Were all about finding ways to help your health, and the potential benefits are exciting. But only in the right dosage and with the right care. Maybe think twice before chugging a CBD latte. The main takeaway: If you want to try CBD, talk to your doctor and get their input on how your body will handle it.

IV drips

In cities where bachelor and bachelorette parties are plenty like Charleston, South Carolina, and Nashville, Tennessee several shops offering intravenous hydration and vitamin drips have popped up. The concept isnt new, but its emergence into the mainstream peaked this year. The goal of the IV is to help soften the blow of a hangover by pumping fluids into your veins and rehydrating your body.

Its a fine idea in theory, but the trend is largely unregulated because IV lounges dont quality as a health care institution in many cities. Additionally, theres no scientific data to support their effectiveness. (As one expert told HuffPost earlier this year, you could essentially be ending up with expensive urine.)

On top of that, easy access to the IVs reduces the consequences of heavy drinking. If were not paying for our alcohol-infused mistakes with a brutal hangover, how are we ever going to learn?

While likely an effective way to rehydrate, the process of getting too drunk, hungover, to the point of requiring nearly medical intervention, sounds a bit too intense to be healthy or sustainable, said Alex Dimitriu, a double board-certified psychiatrist and sleep medicine physician.

Celebrity wellness sites

Kelly Sullivan via Getty Images

Earlier this year, Kourtney Kardashian debuted Poosh, a website with a mission to promote a modern lifestyle, achievable by all. The outlet is essentially another version of Goop, the Gwyneth Paltrow-owned brand that aims to do the same thing. Heres the deal: Although these sites can definitely be entertaining to mindlessly sift through, we really cant be taking health advice from them. Not only are many of the tips unnecessary, but some are downright risky. (Remember when Goop wanted readers to stick a $66 jade stone in their vaginas? Yeah, no need.)

Keep in mind some celebrities post about products theyre getting a chunk of cash for endorsing. Some of these products even have the potential to seriously harm our bodies and trigger bad habits. (Remember Kim Kardashians appetite suppressant lollipops?)

Lastly, many of the recs just arent realistic most of us cannot afford to buy all the fancy foods and products these celebrities vouch for. If youre looking for ways to improve your health, look to your doctor, not a Kardashian.

Unsupervised microdosing

People have started taking tiny doses of LSD, magic mushrooms and other psychedelics to achieve more subtle mental effects aka microdosing.

A recent study found that even though microdosing has gotten more popular, there still isnt a lot of scientific literature on it, especially when it comes to long-term health effects. (Not to mention, psychedelics are difficult to study given that theyre illegal in the U.S.)

Whereas some people have reported positive effects like improved mood and focus others have experienced increased anxiety and physiological discomfort.

The use of unregulated psychedelics at any dose is fraught with challenges due to concerns regarding supply, lack of demonstrated efficacy for specific medical conditions, and known potential for adverse effects, said David A. Fiellin, a Yale Medicine physician specializing in addiction medicine. Like all controlled substances, research is needed to help identify specific conditions, adequate dosing, safety and efficacy.

While these substances seem to be healing for some, any form of self-medication can be dangerous, and microdosing shouldnt replace standard medical treatments.

Excessive fasting

TanyaJoy via Getty Images

Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey made news back in April when he shared his wellness habits in an interview with CNBC. One of the most notable points? His eating routine, which involved intense fasting. Dorsey said he often goes entire weekends without eating, and during the week he tries to stick to consuming one meal a day.

This wellness habit is best compared to intermittent fasting, as the CNBC article pointed out. The program has people eat only during specific times. Recently, Today Show anchors Jenna Bush Hager and Hoda Kotb also tried sticking to intermittent fasting.

Like most diet trends, there are positives and negatives to intermittent fasting. There also needs to be more research on it. But one of the notable findings is that fasting has a high dropout rate 38% of people who try to fast, quit.

Fasting which can reduce inflammation when done right has two major flaws: One, people who fast tend to reward themselves afterward by indulging in a big, unhealthy meal, according to a Harvard Health blog post. Second, some fasters take it a bit too far and end up depriving their body of food for too long and wind up in a state of malnutrition.

Fad dieting with severe calorie cutting in an attempt to lose weight can be damaging to the body. Often the exact opposite to what is expected occurs metabolism slows, said Kecia Gaither, a New York-based OB-GYN and maternal fetal medicine physician, who added that when your metabolism slows, you store fat and weight accumulates.

The risks are especially pronounced with women who fast, she said, as fasting can interfere with hormones and menstruation and cause some people to stop menstruating altogether.

Wellness apps to an extent

OK, were not saying that wellness apps have to go altogether many tools, like fitness and nutrition trackers, can actually encourage people to live a healthier life. But several health experts say a solid portion of the eHealth tools available, including sleep trackers, are inaccurate and not all that beneficial.

On top of that, some people have started using health-related apps in place of an actual doctor. Health care providers arent thrilled about this, especially when it comes to diagnoses or serious health conditions that require a physical evaluation.

Apps have their place along a health continuum, but cannot replace a health provider seeing you face to face, obtaining a medical history from you, examining you, and performing specific diagnostic testing to evaluate, diagnose and treat whatever ails you, Gaither said.

Essential oils

Anatoliy Sizov via Getty Images

Lavender, peppermint, lemon they smell good, but the jurys still out on how effective essential oils are when it comes to our health. Despite the iffy research, people are all about using oils to treat a bunch of health conditions, including anxiety, motion sickness and even cancer.

Pleasant smells can help us relax or be reassuring, but have no enduring effects on our health, said Keith Humphreys, a psychiatrist at Stanford Health Care in Stanford, California. Essential oils will not cure diseases. On the other hand, they cant harm you either unless you waste too much of your money on them.

Vaping

This year, vaping quickly devolved from one of the biggest trends to a straight-up epidemic. We now have more than enough evidence (and horror stories) suggesting that vaping is no good for our bodies teens are dying, vapes are exploding in peoples faces, and peoples lungs are giving out. And those are just the short-term consequences. We dont even know what the long-term effects will be, Dimitriu pointed out.

If and when the fun flavors are banned, we may start to see a dip in vaping in 2020.

Read more:
8 Wellness Trends We'd Like To Leave Behind In 2019 - HuffPost

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The signs first appeared at the age of 29.

I saw a photo of myself in a bathing suit, says Arya Sharma. I noticed folds that werent there before.

That hed put on some weight was hardly a revelation. He was living in Berlin at the time and enjoying his share of beer and bratwurst. So Sharma began walking more and put down the lagers.

I liked bratwurst too much to cut down on that, he admits.

But some 30 years later, now a professor of medicine at the University of Alberta and the scientific director of Obesity Canada, Sharma is all too aware of the risks of ignoring what is often referred to with bemusement as middle-age spread.

There are 57 comorbidities associated with obesity, including cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dementia. And yet as Sharma explains, As we get older, biology sets us up for weight gain.

Thats particularly troubling news for Canada, where the median age has been holding steady at about 41 just as rates of obesity are rising, particularly among those aged 35-49.

The impact of age on metabolism is partly to blame. After 20, the body burns 10 to 15 fewer calories every day. By the age of 50, we could be burning nearly 400 fewer calories a day. If youre still eating the same amount of food as when you were 20, youll gain weight, says Sharma.

Hormones are another factor. Testosterone, the male sex hormone, results in a decrease in body fat; estrogen, the female sex hormone, also prevents weight gain. But both decrease as we age.

Studies show that post-menopausal women store more fat, says Sylvia Santosa, a professor in Concordia Universitys Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology. We also see that with a chronic decrease in testosterone, which occurs during andropause or male menopause, men also have an increase in body fat.

Hormones even dictate the middle-aged physique, with a decrease in estrogen leading women to gain weight around their hips and thighs, and a decrease in testosterone causing men to gain weight around their bellies.

Hormone replacement therapy can help prevent weight gain associated with middle age, says Santosa, but it remains controversial because of possible links to cardiovascular disease.

Women are more likely to gain weight throughout their lives because of hormonal fluctuations. I still havent lost the weight I gained during my second pregnancy. My daughter is now 2, Santosa says.

Monitoring our weight can help us maintain our weight, or at least not gain too much, says Santosa. Keeping a food diary can also be helpful.

Exercise alone seldom results in weight loss. You need the dietary component, she says.

But Sharma cautions against diets, any diet. Bodies like to put on weight, but they dont like to lose it, he says. A diet only works if you stay on it for the rest of your life. Thats difficult since most diets are restrictive.

Sharma believes behavioural measures, medications and, in some cases, bariatric surgery are most effective in the long-term treatment of obesity.

Governments are also on the case. Last year, Canada banned industrial transfats, making it illegal for manufacturers to add PHOs partially hydrogenated oils to foods sold here. A policy document called Lets Get Moving was also designed to get Canadians moving more; only 18 per cent of Canadian adults meet physical activity guidelines of 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity every week.

Still more is needed, says Sharma. Although the recent reissue of the Canada Food Guide offers a plan for healthy eating, for example, it does not address obesity. And the government still doesnt recognize obesity as a chronic disease.

This would increase access to behavioral therapy and medications for obesity, he says. Most health plans dont cover those things.

See original here:
Yes, middle age-spread is real and dangerous - Ottawa Citizen

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A 36-year-old man born without testicles received one transplanted from his identical twin brother in a six-hour operation performed on Tuesday in Belgrade, Serbia, by an international team of surgeons.

The surgery was intended to give the recipient more stable levels of the male hormone testosterone than injections could provide, to make his genitals more natural and more comfortable, and to enable him to father children, said Dr. Dicken Ko, a transplant surgeon and urology professor at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, who flew to Belgrade to help with the procedure.

The operation was only the third known transplant of this type. The first two were performed 40 years ago in St. Louis, also for identical twins, each pair with a brother lacking testicles.

The absence of testicles is an exceedingly rare condition, but doctors say that the surgery may have broader applications for transgender people, accident victims, wounded soldiers and cancer patients. But the procedure raises questions about the ethics of transplants that are not lifesaving, and about the possibility of recipients someday fathering children with sperm from donors who may not even be related to them.

The surgery was performed at the University Childrens Clinic in Tirsova, a section of Belgrade. The Serbian brothers are doing well, doctors said. By Friday, the recipient already had normal testosterone levels.

Hes good, he looks good, his brother looks good, Dr. Ko said in a telephone interview on Friday. The donor, who already has children, should remain as fertile as he was before, despite giving up a testicle.

Dr. Ko said the brothers, who have been sharing a hospital room, were expected to go home this weekend. They preferred not to be identified or interviewed, the doctors said.

Because the patients are identical twins with the same genetic makeup, there is no concern that the recipients body will reject the transplant, so he does not have to take the immune-suppressing drugs that most transplant patients need.

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Surgeons operated on the brothers simultaneously, in adjoining rooms. The procedure was challenging because it required sewing together two arteries and two veins that were less than 2 millimeters wide.

Once you remove the testicle from the donor, the clock starts ticking very fast, said Dr. Branko Bojovic, an expert in microsurgery at Harvard Medical School and part of the team in Belgrade.

Within two to four hours, you have to have it re-perfused and working again, Dr. Bojovic said. Without a blood supply, a testicle is viable for only four to six hours.

It can take 30 to 60 minutes to make each of the four blood-vessel connections. But the team managed to complete them all in less than two hours, he said.

The team did not connect a structure called the vas deferens, which carries sperm out of the testicles. The surgeons could not find the tissue in the recipient needed for the connection, which means that for now, he cannot father children in the usual way.

Another operation to make the connection may be possible. Otherwise, if the recipient wants children, he might undergo a procedure to extract sperm from the testicle for in vitro fertilization. Or his twin brothers sperm could be used.

Dr. Ko and Dr. Bojovic were both part of the surgical team that performed the first penis transplant in the United States, in 2016, on a man whose penis had been removed because of cancer.

Dr. Miroslav Djordjevic, who led the team in Belgrade, specializes in urologic reconstruction and sex reassignment surgery at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York and at the University of Belgrade. He said the brothers approached him after learning that he had performed a successful uterus transplant between twins sisters, which enabled the recipient to give birth.

Dr. Bojovic said that after the penis transplant, the surgical team received inquiries from people undergoing female-to-male sex reassignment who wondered if they might receive transplants instead of the usual surgery, which creates a penis from the patients own tissue.

But a transplant from any donor other than an identical twin would require immune-suppressing drugs to prevent rejection. The drugs have side effects that lead some experts to argue that the bar for such transplants must be very high.

Its becoming more of a popular topic for these patients, Dr. Bojovic said. They say, If immunosuppression is getting safer, I dont want to use a big piece of tissue from my forearm or thigh or back for something that looks like phallus but isnt.

He added that in patients having male-to-female reassignment surgery, the penis and testicles that were surgically removed are discarded, but in theory could be used for transplants.

The lead surgeon, Dr. Djordjevic, said that he had developed a surgical plan for transplanting a penis onto a body that is anatomically female, and that he hoped to begin performing that surgery within the next year or so.

We have to do this as soon as possible, to stop putting healthy organs in the garbage, he said.

But he would not transplant testicles as part of transgender surgery, he said. Doing so would open up the thorny possibility that the recipient could have children produced by the donors sperm. If the idea were extended to deceased organ donors, special permission would be required from them before death, or from their families.

Then the offspring is technically whose child? asked Dr. Ko, who is also chief medical officer at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Boston. It raises much debate in the literature of medical ethics.

Last year, when surgeons at Johns Hopkins Hospital transplanted a penis, scrotum and other tissue to a young soldier who had been maimed in combat, they deliberately left out the testicles. The idea that he might father children who were genetically someone elses was considered unacceptable.

The first report of a testicle transplant, by Dr. Sherman J. Silber, a fertility specialist in St. Louis, was published in a medical journal in 1978. In that case, the twin brothers were 30 when they consulted Dr. Silber.

The brother without testicles had not reached puberty until he was given testosterone at age 18, which caused a growth spurt that left him four inches taller than his brother. He needed regular testosterone injections to maintain his masculine characteristics, but the hormone levels fluctuated and sometimes caused mood swings.

He spent five years searching for a doctor who could perform a testicle transplant before he found Dr. Silber, after reading a New York Times article about his work published in 1975.

Dr. Silber said that he had performed more than 2,000 kidney transplants in rats, which required microsurgical techniques to sew together minute blood vessels the same size as those in human testicles.

So doing a testicle transplant was not a big deal, he recalled in an interview on Thursday. It was like just another kidney transplant in a rat. He said the operation took two hours.

Dr. Silber said that the donor was gay and the recipient straight, and that the brothers told him they wondered if the transplanted testicle might somehow alter the recipients sexual orientation. There is no scientific reason for such an effect, and none occurred.

The transplant was a success, and the recipient eventually had five children, Dr. Silber said. A year or so later, he performed the surgery again for another pair of identical twin brothers, though he did not write up their case in a journal.

Regarding the operation in Belgrade, Dr. Silber said, I imagine these surgeons must be pretty good, because most people wouldnt dare to try this.

Read more:
Surgeons Transplant a Testicle From One Brother to His Twin - The New York Times

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The Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market report gives an astonishing source to analyze the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market and other fundamental subtleties identifying with it. The examination uncovers the general evaluation and associated ideas of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market. The report displays a reasonable scenario of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market, that links applications, proposals, industry chain structure, and definitions. Likewise, it connects the expansive validity of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market and configurations to a fundamental precision, experiences, and industry-substantiated estimations of the general Testosterone Replacement Therapy market. Additionally, the examination underlines the huge driving business players (AbbVie, Endo International, Eli lilly, Pfizer, Actavis (Allergan), Bayer, Novartis, Teva, Mylan, Upsher-Smith, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Kyowa Kirin, Acerus Pharmaceuticals) across the globe with clear affiliation profiles, data of the wide-ranging business, item type, conditions, and courses of action.

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Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market: Type Outlook:Gels, Injections, Patches, Other

Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market: Application Outlook:Hospitals, Clinics, Others

North America (United States, Canada)Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia, Spain)Asia Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia, New Zealand)Middle East & Africa (Middle East, Africa)Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, C. America, Chile, Peru, Colombia)

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Conclusively, the report helps a reader to get an absolute understanding of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry through details about the market projection, competitive scenario, industry environment, growth constraining factors, limitations, entry barriers, the provincial regulatory framework as well as upcoming market investment and opportunities, challenges and other growth-promoting factors. This report will provide you a clear view of each and every facet of the market without a need to refer to any other research report or a data source. Our report will provide you with all the facts about the past, present, and future of the concerned Market.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Expected to Deliver Dynamic Progression until 2028| AbbVie, Endo International, Eli lilly - Breaking News...

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy market report considers the present scenario of the Lawful Interception Industry and its market dynamics for the period 20192024. It covers a detailed overview of various market growth enablers, restraints, and trends. The study includes both the demand and supply sides of the market. It also profiles and analyzes the leading companies and several other prominent companies operating in the Testosterone Replacement Therapy market.

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Summary

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is a class of hormone replacement therapy in which androgens, often testosterone, are replaced. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is an FDA-approved medical treatment for men of any age who have low testosterone, a hormone necessary for male sexual development.

The report forecast global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market to grow to reach xxx Million USD in 2019 with a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2024.

The report offers detailed coverage of Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry and main market trends. The market research includes historical and forecast market data, demand, application details, price trends, and company shares of the leading Testosterone Replacement Therapy by geography. The report splits the market size, by volume and value, on the basis of application type and geography.

First, this report covers the present status and the future prospects of the global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market for 2015-2024.And in this report, we analyze global market from 5 geographies: Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia], Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland], North America[United States, Canada, Mexico], Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa], South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru].

At the same time, we classify Testosterone Replacement Therapy according to the type, application by geography. More importantly, the report includes major countries market based on the type and application.

Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading Testosterone Replacement Therapy Company.

Following Key Companies are analyzed in this Report :- Endo International AbbVie Eli lilly Pfizer Actavis (Allergan) Bayer Novartis Teva Mylan Upsher-Smith Ferring Pharmaceuticals Kyowa Kirin Acerus Pharmaceuticals

Inquire more or share questions if any on this report @https://www.orianresearch.com/enquiry-before-buying/1150984

Key Content of Chapters as follows (Including and can be customized) :

Part 1:Market Overview, Development, and Segment by Type, Application & Region

Part 2:Company information, Sales, Cost, Margin etc.

Part 3:Global Market by company, Type, Application & Geography

Part 4:Asia-Pacific Market by Type, Application & Geography

Part 5:Europe Market by Type, Application & Geography

Part 6:North America Market by Type, Application & Geography

Part 7:South America Market by Type, Application & Geography

Part 8:Middle East & Africa Market by Type, Application & Geography

Part 9:Market Features

Part 10:Investment Opportunity

Part 11:Conclusion

Order a copy of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Report 2019 @https://www.orianresearch.com/checkout/1150984

Market Segment as follows:

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Top Players (Endo International, AbbVie, Eli lilly, Pfizer, Actavis, Bayer, Novartis, Teva, Mylan,...

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All the latest information about rules regarding transgender athletes in sport, including how the FA accommodates trans men and women in the sport

Participation of trans athletes in gender-based sport remains a controversial issue, with factors such as higher testosterone levels as well as physiological aspects such as height and weight needing to be taken into account in order to ensure fair competition.

This doesnt touch the personal issues that trans athletes are made to deal with following their gender reassignment, with transgender peoplealready facing dramatically increased amounts of discrimination and abuse compared to cisgender individuals.

So what are the rules regarding trans athletes in football, and how does the FA deal with trans athletes? Goal takes a look.

A transgender person is a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex .

The opposite of transgender is cisgender, someone whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with their birth sex. A cisgender man is a man who is born biologically as a male and continues to identify as male; same for a cisgender (or 'cis') female.

Transgender people undergo gender reassignment in order tofeel comfortable within their external and personal appearance. Some might also experiencegender dysphoria, which causesthem to pursuehormone therapy or medical reassignment.

A transgender person also does not have to experiencemedical treatmentin orderto be considered trans. Gender reassignment, which is the process of distancing yourself from your assigned birth gender and moving to a preferred one,is first and foremostly a personal choice that does not have to be validated physiologically or biologically.

Those who identify as transgender might also not have the financial means to afford medical re-assignment or hormone therapy, or feel that society will make them feel ostracisedfor doing so.

The confidentiality of a trans person's gender reassignment in the UK is also protected under the Gender Recognition Act 2004.

The FA hasset rules on gender in football for athletes until the age of 16.

Based on research, there is minimal difference in male and female physical strength in the stages that precede puberty. And so, mixed football under the FA is allowed up until the Under-16 age group.

Under-7s to Under-16s are allowed to play in either boys or girls teams, regardless of their birth or affirmed sex.

From age 16 and above, however, the boys and girls teams are separated under FA ruling due to hormonal and physiologicalchanges caused by puberty. These changes, according to the FA, "may bring on safety issues that are brought on by a general distinction between males and females in sport due to differing muscle strength caused by testosterone."

Cis male athletes are at a biological physical advantage compared to their cis female counterparts.

TheFA states: "Due potentially to difference between the sexes, and the fact that oestrogen and testosterone which is often taken as part of an individuals gender reassignment, can also have physical effects which may lead to competitive advantage."

It implements these policies to"ensure fair play and competition for those on the field".

The FA statesthat any players above the U-16 age range must be of the same gender, but this general rule does not specify whether it applies to a persons birth sex or their affirmed sex. However, they iterate the notion that "gender identity should not be a barrier to participation in football".

When it comes to specifically trans players wishing to play in their affirmed sex, they have stated that they will consider applications for clearance on a case-by-case basis .

The FA considers individual trans players who have undergone hormone therapy based onpassing specific hormone-based requirements, whose exact details are not currently publicly available.

It is understood, though,that the FA does maintain rules regarding hormone levels, as do other international sporting competitions.

For trans maleand trans femaleathletes who have undergone or are in the process of undergoing medical treatment, evidence such as medical information and records, blood testosterone and hormone treatment are considered for individual review.

Their policy on trans people in football document confirms thatfor trans males who have gone hormone therapy, results in blood testosterone levels are consideredwithin natal male range, while for trans females,results in blood testosterone are reviewed within natal female range.

The AFL (Australian Football League), for instance, haverequirements trans women need to follow if they aim to play in theAFLW (Australia Football League Womens).

This includes keeping testosterone levelsat a certain point for two years , in addition to trans women undergoingexaminations that will decide whether if they stand at a physical advantage over cis athletes.

For transsexuals who have not undergone hormone therapy, they will also have their application considered individually based on safety and fair competition by the FA.

Trans athletes who wish to play in their affirmed gender must provide applications to the FAs Equality Manager.

Full information on the process is available in detail here .

The main issue, according to FA, regarding trans athletes is iftheir hormone levels would potentially put them at an advantage of disadvantage in their team. Their argument is that, for example, a transgender woman with higher testosterone levels would have a physical advantage.

Footballer Blair Hamilton, who plays forStonehaven Ladies in Scotlandand has been undergoinghormone therapy, disagrees with this notion and has stressedthat trans athletes do not have an advantage following medical reassignment.

"They need to look at the science, what it actually does to your body," she told the BBC .

"It does take away your muscle mass, your explosiveness. Your ratios from type-one to type-two fast-twitch fibres change - your body completely changes. I don't think they realise how much of a change hormone therapy makes.

"There is absolutely no advantage on the pitch."

See more here:
What are the rules for trans athletes in football? - Goal.com

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Essential oils may smell great, but orally ingesting them can cause all sorts of problems. Recent studies have found that essential oil poisonings are becoming more frequent and more severe in Europe and the US, and the latest figures from Australia show a similar trend Down Under.

Appearing in the Medical Journal of Australia, the new study analyzes data from the New South Wales Poisons Information Centre (NSWPIC), which deals with about half of all calls to Poisons Informations Centres across the country. Between July 2014 and June 2018, the facility recorded a total of 4,412 cases of essential oil poisoning, with around two-thirds of these involving children under the age of 15.The number of calls rose from 1,011 in 2014-15 to 1,177 in 2017-18, representing a considerable 16 percent increase.

Essential oils are volatile chemical compounds (meaning they evaporate at low temperatures) that are extracted from plant material via a distillation process that commonly involves steaming. Their name refers to the fact that they contain the essence of the plant's fragrance, and as such are known for their pleasant scent.

Used in perfumes, soaps, incense burners, and as aromatherapy aides, essential oils are said to benefit overall health by relaxing the nervous system.However, some suppliers also suggest applying the oils topically or even ingesting them orally, which the study authors strongly warn against.

Essential oils can cause severe toxicity when ingested, the risk depending on the oil used; the onset of toxicity can be rapid, and small quantities (as little as 5mL) can cause life-threatening toxicity in children, they explain in their report.

Clinical effects include vomiting, central nervous system depression or excitation, and aspiration pneumonitis.

Some essential oils can also mess with the bodys hormonal balance, with studies showing that both lavender and tea tree oil contain compounds that mimic oestrogen and inhibit testosterone. This has led to a small number of cases of prepubertal gynecomastia, whereby young boys developed enlarged breasts after repeatedly applying these oils to their skin. In all recorded cases, symptoms disappeared once the boys stopped using the oils.

Breaking down the data, the study authors explain that of those who contacted NSWPIC, around 80 percent had unintentionally ingested essential oils after mistaking the bottle for something else, such as cough syrup, or were the result of therapeutic error (13 percent). However, 105 people making up 2.4 percent of the total had deliberately taken the oils, following misinformation regarding the safety and efficacy of doing so.

Flow restrictors and child-resistant closures would be desirable, but containers are only required to have such closures when the essential oil volume exceeds 15 millilitres, explain the researchers. Given that as little as 5 millilitres is enough to produce severe toxicity, the authors insist that current regulations are inadequate to ensure the safety of children.

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People Are Poisoning Themselves With Essential Oils. Please Don't - IFLScience

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nadianb/Shutterstock How a Keto Diet Helped Me Lose 25 Pounds in 2 Months Even Over ThanksgivingWriting about food for a living, as Ive been doing for the better part of the past 10 years, makes each day at the office a gauntlet of temptation. On any given day, doughnuts might arrive from Krispy Kreme for breakfast, some fried chicken from Popeyes could show up around lunchtime and any assortment of goodies could make their way to our desks throughout the day, especially around the holidays.

Thats why I knew that starting, and maintaining, the keto diet would be a serious challenge. Cutting out carbs and sweets meant saying no to a lot of those tasty treats that circulate through the office as well as adopting a whole new way of eating. But two months, 25 pounds and one Thanksgiving later, I think its safe to say that if I can do it, anyone can.

Dan Myers

If youre unfamiliar with the keto diet, heres a quick primer: By strictly limiting carbohydrate intake (usually to no more than 20 or 30 carbs per day) and increasing fat intake, you put your body into whats called ketosis. During ketosis, your body no longer burns glucose (which is what carbs are broken down into) for energy, but instead burns fat. Obviously the details of ketosis are a lot more complicated than this, but thats the gist of it.

Starting the keto diet comes with a big learning curve. So much of the standard American diet revolves around carbs that many of us dont even realize how carb-laden certain things are, and holiday foods, in particular, are especially carby (hello, mashed potatoes, stuffing and mac and cheese all sharing a plate). Sure, bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, beans and sweets are loaded with carbs, but it was a bit of a shock to learn that a can of Campbells tomato soup contains 45 carbs, for example, or that a slice of apple pie contains 51 carbs and that Trader Joes cauliflower pizza crust which sounds like it should be low-carb contains 17 carbs per slice (of which there are six). Cocktails and beer are also out of the equation, sadly.

On the other hand, its been refreshing to learn how many foods contain few or no carbs. Meat is essentially carb-free, as are eggs, many cheeses and lots of vegetables. Some vegetables are higher in carbs than others (including carrots, corn, peas, butternut squash and sweet potatoes), but the vast majority are keto-friendly. There are also plenty of keto-friendly snacks, including Whisps and Moon Cheese (which are made out of cheese thats baked until it gets hard and crunchy), nuts (in moderation), seaweed snacks, meat sticks, plain yogurt, Mini Babybels and pork rinds. New products like Crepinis Egg Thins, which are essentially carb-free crepes, and Unbuns, buns that are made with almond flour and contain only 5 net carbs, are also changing the low-carb landscape.

After deciding to take the plunge, my wife and I got into ketosis within a week (some experience a general malaise called keto flu as the body adapts, but that didnt happen to us) and quickly got into a rhythm. Planning meals in advance has really helped: During the weekend, well prep for the week ahead by making egg muffins (eggs and a variety of add-ins baked in muffin tins) and chia pudding (chia seeds and unsweetened almond milk, sweetened with stevia) mixed with yogurt for breakfast, and by shopping for lots of meats, seafood, veggies and salad greens for lunch and dinner. I also whip up a big batch of mustard vinaigrette with avocado or olive oil, which goes great on everything from salad to pork tenderloin, and weve begun experimenting with spice blends, like berbere, tandoor masala and herbes de Provence to keep things interesting.

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The Holidays are bound to be difficult for dieters, and Thanksgiving was no exception. The impending carb-heavy traditional meal hung over our heads as we started the diet, but with some advance planning, the holiday proved to not be nearly as challenging as it could have been. We got in touch with the host a couple weeks in advance and let them know the situation (just as anyone with any dietary restrictions should do), and so in lieu of mashed potatoes and stuffing, we loaded our plates with turkey, roasted Brussels sprouts with bacon, prosciutto-wrapped asparagus, roasted curry-spiced cauliflower and a tricolor salad with toasted pecans and goat cheese. Instead of gravy, we topped the turkey with some reserved pan juices from the roasting. Doesnt sound so bad, does it?

Since starting the diet, weve definitely noticed some changes. Not only have we both lost a significant amount of weight and inches, were both sleeping deeper and are generally more alert. And because our bodies are fueled by fat instead of carbs, were no longer experiencing the dreaded carb crash at work.

Obviously, the keto diet isnt for everybody, and Im not claiming to be an expert on all of its ins and outs. Its more of a lifestyle than a diet, which means that if we go back to eating as many carbs as we used to, well begin metabolizing glucose for energy instead of fat again and well most likely gain all the weight back. And we know that once we get to our ideal weight, maintaining it will be another challenge unto itself. But were taking it one day at a time, learning as we go, and knowing that if we can make it through the Holidays, we can make it through anything.

Gallery: I tried the keto diet for 10 days and heres what I learned (Eat This, Not That!)

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How a keto diet helped this food writer lose 25 pounds in 2 months even over Thanksgiving - msnNOW

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FROM Kim Kardashian to Tyson Fury - droves of celebrities have credited the keto diet for keeping them in shape.

They claim that ditching carbs has helped them to target stubborn areas of fat without having to cut out lots of calories.

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However, dietitian Robbie Clark has revealed that going keto could actually make you gain weight - if you're not following the right steps.

And he says that many dieters make some big mistakes which mean their body doesn't get into a state of "ketosis" and "burn fat for energy instead of glucose".

Here, Robbie explains common mistakes people make on a keto diet that could be making you fatter...and how to avoid them.

Robbie says one of the most common mistakes he finds in terms of clinical practice is that people are reducing their carbohydrate intake cold turkey.

Theyve gone from a diet that is probably consumed moderate or high amounts of carbs to an extremely low amount, and this is a drastic change for the body," he told news.com.au.

"This is when theyre at risk of the keto flu.

Going from a diet that is probably consumed moderate or high amounts of carbs to an extremely low amount is a drastic change for the body

"The keto flu is the body adapting to the whole process in a large depletion in glucose.

"And the symptoms can include nausea, headaches, fatigue, insomnia, constipation and reduced exercise tolerance."

Robbie recommendstapering down carb intake instead of reducing the level at an extreme rate.

An important thing to do on a keto diet is to keep drinking enough water.

The drastic decrease in carbs can cause shifts in fluids and electrolyte balance.

The body is washed-out of a lot of fluid especially when losing fat mass as well," Robbie says.

"The body flushes out the ketones in the urine which also depletes not just water but sodium, an important electrolyte, from the body."

According to Robbie, this is something that needs to be replaced.

Vegetables have carbohydrates and for a lot of people, this means watching how much is actually consumed.

If youre not careful of the types of carbs on the keto diet, the affect is that people wont stay in that ketosis state.

Robbie says: "On the other hand, the ketogenic diet is a low carbohydrate diet and not a no carbohydrate diet.

What is the keto diet?

The keto diet involves eating lots of "good" fat, to curb hunger pangs, while cutting out carbs and eating moderate amounts of protein.

It's said to boost energy levels and help speed up weight loss.

The diet relies on a normal metabolic process called ketosis - that helps the body keep working.

It's where the body, starved of carbs for energy, starts to burn fat reserves instead.

For healthy people, who don't have diabetes and aren't pregnant, ketosis usually kicks in after three or four days of following the plan and eating less than 50g of carbs a day.

That's about three slices of bread, two small bananas or a low-fat fruit yog.

So if you're cutting out all those carbs, what can you eat?

Fat is the answer! It should make up about 60 to 80 per cent of total daily calories, while protein makes up 10 to 15 per cent and carbs are less than 10 per cent.

And it's not just a calorie free-for-all. Keto enthusiasts should cap their daily intake at 1,800 calories a day.

If it sounds like Atkins, it's not far off - the main difference being limiting protein on a daily basis.

"In order to meet all of our individual nutrient requirements, particularly with vitamins, minerals and fibre, the vegetable play a pivotal role in meeting these requirements.

"The goal is to educate yourself or get an education from a health professional, like myself, who can guide you for the best types of lower carbohydrate based vegetables so youre not at risk of malnutrition."

Its important to check with a local doctor or a dietitian when thinking about undergoing the keto diet for the first time.

Theres a protocol that determines whether a person is suitable for the keto diet, particularly for healthy people to follow.

Robbie says that there are population groups who should avoid the keto diet.

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People who are pregnant and breastfeeding should not undergo the keto diet because the risk follows in becoming insufficient in nutrients not only for yourself but for the infant.

It follows a risk of the production of the milk as well.

Understanding the ketogenic diet is the most important thing to do in accordance with a health professional in using it the right way.

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Weight loss: The 4 keto diet mistakes that could be making you fatter and how to avoid them - The Sun

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