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Everyone knows that salty foods make you thirsty. But according to new research, when people increase their sodium intake long-term, they actually drink less water. And thats not the studys only surprising finding: High sodium levels also increasefeelings of hunger, the authors say, which may suggest that high-salt diets contribute to weight gain.

Experts say this counterintuitive discoverythat dietary salt boosts appetite but decreases thirstupends more than 100 years of conventional scientific wisdom. The findings are published this week as a set of two papers in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.

In the first paper, German and American researchers report on 10 Russian cosmonauts who participatedin flight simulation programs from 2009 to 2011. The men were living in a tightly controlled environment for months at a time, so they were ideal for nutritional and metabolic research.

The authors wanted to see what would happen when they gradually decreased the cosmonauts dietary salt intake from 12 grams a day (similar to an average Russian diet) to 6 grams a day (the recommendation of most national health experts). Prevailing science suggested that the men would be less thirsty, and drink less water, as their sodium levels decreased.

But thats not what happened. Instead, the men drank less water when they were on the high-salt dietsuggesting that their bodies were either conserving or producing more water, not flushing it out with the salt, as previously suspected.

Senior author Jens Titze, MD, associate professor of medicine and of molecular physiology and biophysics at Vanderbilt University, says the findings were unexpected, but not entirely surprising.

It makes sense that on a high-salt diet, the body wants to prevent water loss, he says. So the kidneys have to find a way to increase water contentand if you have more water content in your body, youre going to be less thirsty.

The men also reported feeling hungrier when their salt levels were higher, even though they were getting the same amount of calories and nutrients. This may be because it takes extra energy for the body to conserve water, explains Dr. Titze. I do think that if wed offered the cosmonauts more food, they would have overeaten and gained weight, he says.

RELATED: 13 Foods That Are Saltier Than You Realize

In the second paper, the researchers replicated their findings in mice. In these experiments, they did find that mice on high-salt diets ate more food than those on low-salt diets. They also found that high-salt diets were associated with a breakdown of muscle protein. The protein was converted into urea, a chemical that enables the kidneys to reabsorb fluid and prevent water loss while salt is excreted.

Whats more, thebreakdown process was fueled by an increase in glucocorticoidscompounds that, in humans, have been linked to the development of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Thats significant, says Dr. Titze, because scientists to-date have mainly focused on how sodium contributes to high blood pressure.

Our findings suggest that there is much more to know, he says. If a high-salt diet triggers an increase in glucocorticoids, he says, it could predispose people to other chronic health problemseven in the absence of blood pressure changes. And it could potentially raise the risk of metabolic syndrome, a combination of three or more risk factors for heart disease and diabetes.

RELATED: 24 Tasty, Low-Sodium Recipes for Every Meal

Dr. Titze says that, when it comes to the short-term effects of salty foods, bartenders wisdom still holds true. If you put salted peanuts down in front of your customers, theyre absolutely going to consume more drinks, he says. But our research showed that, over several months and even over 24 hours, theyre going to conserve more water and actually consume less.

In an accompanying commentary article, Mark Zeidel, MD, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, wrote that the new studies challenge common beliefs about how sodium and fluid levels are balanced in the body. They also demonstrate that an adjustment in dietary salt changes protein and fat metabolism, and alters eating and drinking habits, among other physiological changes in the body.

Learning more about these changes may help scientists develop new treatments for conditions like high blood pressure and congestive heart failure, Dr. Zeidel wrote. Dr. Titze says it may also help doctors better understand the connection between salt and weight gain.

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Of course, most sodium in the typical American diet doesnt come from table salt; it comes from restaurant meals and processed foods that also tend to be high in sugar, saturated fats, and simple carbsso theres already plenty of reason to limit these in your diet. These new studies may suggest one more.

Dr. Titze says that if his teams theories hold up, reductions in sodium content across the packaged food and restaurant industries could potentially prevent some of these harmful effects on metabolism and appetite. Until then, he takes a simple approach to reducing sodium and managing his weight: If you eat less of everything, you will automatically eat less sodium, he says. So my take is to exercise a bit more and eat less in general.

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Always Hungry? This One Ingredient May Be to Blame - Health.com

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Lauren Sharkey - Yahoo7 Be on April 20, 2017, 7:17 am

Instagram fitness sensation Courtney Black has come up with four easy ways to get rid of those extra kilos in just a couple of weeks.

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Posting photos of her scantily-clad figure to inspire her 167,000 followers, the 20-year-old UK-based gym fanatic managed to lose a significant amount of weight in under two weeks.

RELATED: Bride sheds half her body weight for the wedding RELATED: This fitness bloggers pregnancy before-and-after photos will shock you

Black revealed that she felt ready to buckle down after she binged on a trip to New York, eating more than 7,500 calories a day. When I returned home, I felt awful and bloated. The extra weight I put on made me feel lousy and slow, she told the Daily Express.

After deciding that she wanted to get back to her pre-holiday body, Courtney underwent a simple regime that didnt involve any fad detoxes. I absolutely hate hearing about juice cleanses or shake diets in order to lose weight, she said. In my opinion, they should be banned.

Heres exactly what she did and recommends instead:

Courtney believes that most of the weight you gain in a short period of time is actually water retention. This can easily happen if youre not drinking enough fluids, eating food thats high in salt and sugar, and not doing much in the way of exercise.

Regular sauna sessions will help sweat out a lot of this excess water, leaving you with a much less bloated look (and feel).

Work out your maintenance calories

Following the same diet as everyone else wont do you much good. You need to work out the precise number of calories your body needs so that you can start losing weight.

For women, this can be between 1,400 and 2,000 calories a day depending on your height, weight, and how often you exercise. This number is whats known as your maintenance figure.

To shed weight, you need to eat below your maintenance figure. Important rule: Never go more than 500 calories below it. (A simple online calculator or trained professional can help you work out your maintenance figure.)

Reduce your workout resting periods

Going to the gym is (unfortunately) a required step. But to see weight loss quickly, you need to increase the intensity of your workouts.

Theres an incredibly easy way of doing this, according to Courtney: Simply shorten your rest time between exercises or try to cut them out altogether.

Add in a cheat meal

Obviously, youll need to stock up on all the healthy food you can get but dont forget to buy a cheat meal every week as well.

These little treats are important for your weight-loss regime as they help boost metabolism and encourage your body to burn calories much more quickly not to mention keep you happy. Still, unlike a lot of other diet plans, Courtneys plan doesnt recommend you have an entire cheat day, as this can knock you off course.

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By Jacob Claspille | April 19th, 2017

For many athletes, running is seen as a form of punishment. For track and cross country runners, it is a passion but a passion that can quickly lead to physical harm, including eating disorders.

For junior cross country and track runner Holly Goergen, this was all too familiar.

According to an NCAA study, an estimated 25 percent of female collegiate athletes and 20 percent of male athletes suffer from some sort of eating disorder.

Goergen got into running after searching for something to fill a void. Coming from a family of runners, in which both parents ran, she decided to give it a shot.

I really just started running because I was looking for something that would make me happy and my parents always talked about running in high school and in college and how it made them so happy and I was like, well, maybe that will also be something Ill enjoy, Goergen said. So I took it up and I actually really did enjoy it and Ive been doing it ever since.

Issues began to arise for Goergen in high school. Goergen said her drive to get better lead to continued thoughts about losing weight to get faster. She said she would start to eat less while continuing to run more and more.

Eating Disorder Hope (www.eatingdisorderhope.com) categorized this as orthorexia, or excessive exercise. Jacquelyn Ekern, President and founder of Eating Disorder Hope, said they are an organization that offers education, support and inspiration to eating disorder sufferers, their loved ones and eating disorders treatment providers.

It became apparent to Goergen that something was wrong after fainting twice at one of her high school practices. Afterwards, she started to seek help from doctors, which she said helped her get through that time period.

I would restrict a lot of foods I was eating, what types of food I could eat because I was trying to lose weight and then I would run more to make up for whatever I had eaten that day, Goergen said. It turned into a vicious cycle where I was hardly eating and running a lot which isnt sustainable for life.

In high school, a bad day for Goergen would be to wake upand go for a run before school, skip lunch, go to practice after school and go home and have her first and only meal of the day be family dinner.

By the time Goergen came to Webster, she found ways to handle her eating habits. It wasnt until her sophomore year where she started to struggle again. Goergens boyfriend and teammate, Austin Dudley, was the one to point out there was something wrong.

I started to notice that, sometimes, she wouldnt eat enough. With the mileage she was running, it was more than anybody at this school so I was like, you need a little more food to energize through the runs, Dudley said.

Dudley is familiar with people struggling with eating disorders. He said he had a friend in high school who played soccer that would not eat because she believed she was overweight.

Dudley himself also struggled with these issues at one point. He said he thought he was not good enough to run so he had to lose weight to get faster.

The desire to have a low body weight in long distance running is very common in the sport. Part of this stems from coaches around collegiate programs.

An article written by Ron Thompson for NCAA.org said, Coaches have considerable influence with their athletes, and it appears that their relationship with their student-athletes and more specifically their motivational climate can influence the risk of disordered eating. A relationship between coach and athlete characterized by high conflict and low support has been associated with increased eating pathology among athletes.

Ekern said that the NCAA and their coaches have improved with their coaching styles in dealing with eating disorders, but the problem still is not solved.

Coaches have come a long way in recognizing that they need to be sensitive about weight and body image with athletes, Ekern said. However, I have had clients in my practice, who were runners in high school, that reported excessive praise from their coaches when they lost weight, even when they were underweight, at a very low BMI and no longer menstruating.

Goergen said that she has not experienced these issues with coaches here at Webster.

Ive never had any problems with a coach encouraging me to lose weight or a coach saying what I should be eating. I think Ive been really lucky in that respect because theres a lot of college programs where the coaches encourage their athletes to be thin, Goergen said.

Dudley said the coaches at Webster do not believe there should be a diet plan. The only focus from the coaches is to make sure the runners are eating healthy. Dudley does not see a benefit to a diet program because it says that coaches have a problem with how you eat.

According to the British Journal of Sports Medicine, male and female student-athletes who are inadequately fueling their bodies may experience hormonal disruptions that lead to compromised bone density and increased risk of bone injuries, including stress fractures.

Goergen struggled with injury around the same time her struggles began to come back during her time at Webster. She ended up being diagnosed with double patellar tendonitis.

With a steady diet and a balanced training regimen, Goergen, a biological science major with an emphasis in medicine, has seen her ability to focus in school has improved. She said she has not had to put as much effort into thinking anymore.

Struggling in the classroom is considered one of the signs that a student-athlete could be struggling with their diet. Ekern said the athletes mentality could actually hide the fact they are struggling.

Being under nourished can lead to lack of clear thinking, poor concentration and failing grades, Ekern said.

Today, Goergen has set goals to win conference for the 5K and 10K and break the school record for the 10K. Goergen is a three-time all-conference runner and if she is named to the all-conference her senior year, it will be the first time in Webster history a female runner is named to four consecutive all-conference teams.

For anyone that Goergen sees struggling like she did, she encourages them to be open and talk to someone about it so they can get help.

I encourage people to get help, talk to a professional and just be very open about it because if one of your friends know that you have trouble with it and they start to notice that youre picking up bad patterns, they can say something to you, hopefully, so you dont start to fall back into bad habits.

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Webster runner overcomes battle with eating disorder - Webster Journal

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Once a week I skip food for 36 hours. I finish my last meal around 8 p.m. on Monday night, have nothing but water and sometimes black tea on Tuesday, and break my fast on Wednesday morning around 8 a.m. If that sounds nuts and a little dangerous to you, I get it. That was my own reaction when I first experimented with fasting about a year and a half ago. But since then, I haven't looked back.

I didnt start fasting to lose weight. In fact, as a naturally lean guy with a fast metabolism, skipping meals sounded like a recipe for shriveling away both physically and mentally. But two things happened toward the end of 2015: Dr. Sandrine Thuret of Kings College pointed me to her TED talk about boosting the growth of new brain cells by fasting, and a colleague of mine didnt eat on certain work days because he claimed that it would extend his lifespan. This got my wheels turning to understand the biology behind why this could work and to try it for myself.

The first time I fasted for 36 hours, it was horrible. Through my entire life, any inkling of hunger triggered an instant reaction to grab a snack. It took two weeks to break that instinct. But by the third week, my body started adapting into better using my own fat reserves. Instead of shriveling away, four things happened.

While this was my fasting experience and it works for me, there's plenty ofskepticismassociated with the practice you should consider before jumping in. Don't fast if you're underweight or malnourished. When you break a fast, eat plenty of good, healthy food, since the focus of fasting is changing the timing of eating, not the reduction of calories. Lastly, remember that a lot of your daily water intake comes from food. So if you aren't eating, make sure you're staying hydrated. Fasting can be illuminating but you have to do it safely.

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With so many diets to choose from, its often hard to determine which ones are good, which are bad and which are just down-right ugly. Heres what you need to know about some of todays most popular diet trends:

What is it? Prescribed in the 1920s as a treatment for epilepsy, this very low-carb, high-fat diet forces the body to use fat instead of carbohydrate for energy ketosis to reduce seizures.

Pros: Outside of some improvement in lab values, almost none when used for weight-loss purposes.

Cons: Carbohydrate intake is severely restricted to less than 5 percent of daily calories. Virtually eliminates all fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans and legumes. Impossible to meet nutritional needs without a heavy dose of vitamin and mineral supplements.

Bottom line: A diet prescribed to treat a medical condition should never be used for weight-loss purposes. Health improvements seen in ketosis occur any time the diet is dramatically changed and calorie intake significantly reduced, so dont believe this is a keto-specific effect.

What is it? No sugar, artificial sweeteners, dairy, grains, legumes (including peanuts and peanut butter) or alcohol for 30 days. Aims to heal the body from inflammation caused by these foods. If you slip up, you start the 30 day cycle all over again.

Pros: Plenty of fruits and vegetables. Calorie counting and weighing are discouraged to shift focus to healthy eating benefits outside of weight loss.

Cons: Lifestyle must be completely altered to accommodate this diet. No long-term maintenance plan for keeping the weight off (or so-called inflammation away) after the 30 days.

Bottom line: 30 days is not nearly enough time to make you healthy or change your lifestyle. This diet is restrictive to the extreme and what happens when the 30 days are over?

What is it? Sometimes referred to as the 5:2 diet or more generally known as intermittent fasting. For this diet calories are restricted for two days (around 500-600 calories) and normal eating is allowed on the other five days. The idea is to trick the body into thinking it is experiencing famine, which will switch it from storing fat to burning it.

Pros: Im hard-pressed to find them.

Cons: Little guidance for what or how to eat, particularly on non-fasting days. Severely and unnaturally restricts intake for short periods of time. Eating patterns like this are strongly correlated with a higher BMI and greater body fat mass.

Bottom line: Restriction and deprivation will always result in overeating later. Always.

What is it? Proponents say eat like our cavemen ancestors to be healthy because our reliance on todays highly processed, convenience food is to blame for all health problems.

Pros: Packaged, convenience foods are eliminated. Focus is on whole foods such as plants and lean meats.

Cons: Two entire food groups are missingwhole grains and dairy. Open meals allow you to cheat as often as needed.

Bottom line: We dont hunt, fish or gather our food the way we did in Paleolithic times, and there is literally no food available today that even closely resembles what was eaten 10,000 years ago. Any diet that recommends cheating or allows you to nosh on cinnamon rolls, fudge and other junk food disguised with a healthy-sounding title is fooling you.

The diets above are the verb sense of the word short term, quick fix, extreme ways of eating with restriction and elimination at the core. They dont address the root of our eating and food issues. In contrast, the diets below are the noun sense long-term, sustainable ways of living without deprivation.

What is it? Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) was originally created to treat and prevent heart disease. Focuses on balance, moderation and nutritious foods.

Pros: Responsibly limits red meat, sodium, high-fat and high-sugar treats. Promotes consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats, nuts and legumes. Slowly evolves diet over time. No off-limit foods. Is a natural, moderate and sensible approach to address health and weight concerns.

Cons: Eating out can be difficult due to typical large, heavily salted and high-fat restaurant choices.

Bottom line: Weight loss is a common side effect of eating a well-balanced, nutritious and natural diet like this one. This way of eating is sustainable you can healthfully follow these guidelines forever.

What is it? Based on the diet and lifestyle practices of those living in the Mediterranean region. These people tend to live long, healthful lives and its widely accepted that their diet and active lifestyle play a key role.

Pros: Fresh produce, whole grains, fish, legumes, nuts and other healthy fats form the base of each meal. Alcohol is consumed only in moderation. Red meats and sweets are reserved for special occasions and eaten in small amounts. Calorie intake is based on physical hunger and activity level.

Cons: None. Many restaurants have Mediterranean options and paired with a large salad or side of veggies, youll be just fine!

Bottom line: Of all the healthful ways of eating, this is one of the best. Its sustainable, based on intuitive principles, with whole, nutritious foods at its core.

While there is no one diet or way of eating that is right for everyone, any diet that restricts, deprives or otherwise approaches eating in an unnatural way should not be followed. Living a healthy lifestyle doesnt require cheating, isnt determined by a specific number of days or calories, nor should it be focused too heavily on one nutrient over another. A healthful diet is balanced and hunger-based and complimented by regular physical activity and appropriate self-care.

2 large bell peppers, any color, seeded and thinly sliced

1 medium sweet potato, peeled and thinly sliced into strips

1 large Portobello mushroom, sliced

1 medium jalapeno, seeded, thinly sliced

2-3 Tbsp. fajita seasoning

8 flour or corn tortillas

Suggested toppings: salsa, avocado, shredded cheese*

In large skillet over medium heat, add oil, garlic, peppers and onion. Saut 5 minutes. Add sweet potato, mushroom and jalapeno. Cook until veggies are soft, not mushy. Add fajita seasoning. Mix to combine. Remove from heat.

To serve: place spinach on tortilla and top with fajita veggie mixture. Finish with desired toppings.

Nutrition analysis per two fajita serving: 350 calories, 11 g fat, 10 g protein, 54 g carbohydrate, 5 g fiber, 430 mg sodium

*Suggested toppings not included in nutrition analysis

lb. dry pasta (rotini, penne or farfalle)

1 red bell pepper, chopped

cup green olives, drained and sliced

Cook pasta according to package directions. In small jar with lid, combine dressing ingredients. Shake to combine, set aside. In a large bowl, combine cooked pasta and remaining ingredients with enough dressing to coat lightly. Toss. Reserve remaining dressing. Refrigerate one to two hours before serving, if possible. Add remaining dressing, toss and serve.

Nutrition analysis per serving: 460 calories, 24 g fat, 12 g protein, 47 g carbohydrate, 1 g fiber, 390 mg sodium

Marisa Pruitt is a Gundersen Health System registered dietitian.

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Four diet trends that need to stop; two that need to start - La Crosse Tribune

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In the first study of its kind, a link is found between the consumption of animal fats and an increased risk of osteoarthritis. The findings are published this week in the journal Scientific Reports.

Osteoarthritis is the most common version of arthritis and affects millions of people across the world, including an estimated 30 million people in the United States alone.

The condition is characterized by the slow breakdown of cartilage, which acts as a buffer between joints. As the cartilage degenerates, joints can become swollen, stiff, and painful, and the condition tends to worsen with time.

Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body but is most often found in the knees, hips, hands, and spine.

Traditionally, osteoarthritis is referred to as a condition of wear and tear - in other words, joints that are used most often or most heavily are more likely to experience a steady breakdown of cartilage, eventually leading to osteoarthritis.

There are some known risk factors for osteoarthritis - for instance, it more commonly affects older adults, and women are more likely to develop it than men. Similarly, previous joint injuries and bone deformities also increase the chances of developing the condition.

Another known risk factor for osteoarthritis is obesity. This is partly because of the excess stress put on joints when carrying around more weight, but the connection between excess weight and osteoarthritis may run a little deeper than that.

A team of researchers from the Queensland University of Technology and the University of Southern Queensland, both in Australia, recently investigated a connection between dietary fat and the onset of osteoarthritis. The group was led by professors Yin Xiao and Lindsay Brown.

This recently published study follows on from Prof. Xiao's earlier work, which found that antioxidants and anti-cholesterol drugs may slow the progression of the joint damage attributed to the fatty acids found in foods such as palm oil and butter.

In this research project, Prof. Xiao looked specifically at the effects of a diet rich in saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates on osteoarthritis. These dietary components mirror the nutritional elements commonly found in junk food - high fats and high carbohydrates.

The study demonstrates that osteoarthritis may be less to do with the general usage of our joints and more to do with what we eat on a regular basis. As Prof. Xiao says: "Our findings suggest that it's not wear and tear but diet that has a lot to do with the onset of osteoarthritis."

According to their results, a diet containing 20 percent saturated fats and simple carbohydrates "produced osteoarthritic-like changes in the knee."

"Saturated fatty acid deposits in the cartilage change its metabolism and weaken the cartilage, making it more prone to damage. This would, in turn, lead to osteoarthritic pain from the loss of the cushioning effect of cartilage. We also found changes in the bone under the cartilage on a diet rich in saturated fat."

Prof. Yin Xiao

Long-term use of animal fat, butter, and palm oil all appeared to weaken cartilage. However, when they replaced meat fat with lauric acid - a saturated fat commonly found in coconut oil - the opposite effect was observed. Lauric acid seemed to be beneficial. According to Ph.D. student Sunder Sekar, who was also involved in the trial, "when [the researchers] replaced the meat fat in the diet with lauric acid, [they] found decreased signs of cartilage deterioration and metabolic syndrome, so it seems to have a protective effect."

The researchers conclude that: "Replacement of traditional diets containing coconut-derived lauric acid with palm oil-derived palmitic acid or animal fat-derived stearic acid has the potential to worsen the development of both metabolic syndrome and osteoarthritis."

Although the results will need to be replicated, this could be yet another reason to avoid a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet.

Learn how a new blood test can detect the early stages of osteoarthritis.

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Osteoarthritis linked to high-fat diet - Medical News Today

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Giant sloth was vegetarian: Diet of fossil megatherium decoded ... Science Daily Scientists have examined the diet of the extinct Giant Sloth Megatherium. Based on analyses of the collagen in the fossil bones, the researchers concluded in ... and more »

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Science Daily

Mission control: Salty diet makes you hungry, not thirsty Science Daily For some reason, no one had ever carried out a long-term study to determine the relationship between the amount of salt in a person's diet and his drinking habits. Scientists have known that increasing a person's salt intake stimulates the production ... Salty diet makes you hungry, not thirstyThe Tribune Salty diet reduces thirst, increases hungerDaijiworld.com Salt Might Not Make You Thirsty In The Long TermIFLScience all 25 news articles »

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Mission control: Salty diet makes you hungry, not thirsty - Science Daily

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Lose a stone a week by limiting yourself to just 600 calories of food and drink a day

WOULD you like to lose one stone every month, while receiving motivational messages and texts to keep you on track?

This is the promise behind the LighterLife diet plan, but the very low-calorie meal plans are certainly not for everyone.

Superdrug

Heres the skinny on the three stages of the LighterLife diet, if youre wondering if its the one for you.

The idea of the LighterLife diet is to slash your daily calorie intake and kickstart weight loss.

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The deprivation technique is controversial with somemedical professionals but it certainly works and can be effective for those who are dangerously overweight.

Those with a BMI of 30 or above, meaning they are classed as obese, or severely obese if BMI is over 40, begin on the Total VLCD (very low calorie diet) plan.

This meal plan limits dieters to 600 calories per day, which is much less than the 2,000 cals recommended for women and 2,500 recommended for blokes.

Its a meal replacement concept, with dieters eating 28 LighterLife food packs per week equating to four per day.

Despite depriving yourself in terms of calorie intake, those behind the plan claim dieters will get 100 per cent of their recommended vitamins and minerals from the food packs.

Itsan easy plan for the dieters to follow because they dont have to calorie count but beware of the hunger pangs.

Overweight people, with a BMI of between 25 and 30, start on the Lite LCD (low calorie diet) plan.

They can hope to lose half a stone a week - by eating between 800 and 1,200 cals per day.

Those on the LCD plan will eat three or four food packs a day, plus one home-made salad or healthy meal.

Dieters stay on the LCD plan until they reach their goal weight.

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This is aversion of the fashionable 5:2 diet, known as the LighterLife Fast, which is exclusively available in Superdrug.

This is used as a weight maintenance technique, or can help some people lose up to 2lb a week.

Fast two days a week, limiting yourself to 800 cals by eating four food packs, and eat normally for the other five days.

The first stage of the diet, the Total VCLD plan, is the most worrying aspect of it.

The NHS warn that the Total VLCD plan could result in:

The NHS warn: "Surviving on a strict diet of shakes and soups and other meal replacements isn't much fun, and can feel socially isolating."

While the British Dietitian Association (BDA) say: "Rapid weight loss can be motivating, but it is unsustainable.

"LighterLife's very low calorie diet and its counselling component may work for some - particularly people who have struggled to lose weight for years, have health problems as a result of their weight, and are clinically obese with a BMI of more than 30.

"A very low calorie diet that involves eating 1,000 calories a day or fewer should not be followed for more than 12 continuous weeks.

"If you are eating fewer than 600 calories a day, you should have medical supervision."

Former Coronation Street actress and Loose Women panellistDenise Welch, 58, lost two stone in nine short weeks on the Total plan, before her wedding.

She has maintained her weight loss for three impressive years by following the Fast plan.

Denise, who went from a size 16 to a size 12, claims to have also seen improvements in her snoring, acid reflux and osteoarthritis since losing weight.

WhileHollyoaks actress Jennifer Metcalfe, who plays Mercedes McQueen in the soap, follows the LighterLife Fast 5:2 diet.

The34-year-old, who chooses not to weigh herself, said she had a 'guilt-free Christmas' on the plan- which Jen has been following since early 2015.

She even brought in the New Year with pizza, thanks to her two fast days.

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What is the LighterLife diet, what foods are restricted, is it safe and are there any success stories? - The Sun

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People cut meat from their diets for many reasons health, animal welfare, the environment, among others. There is a growing number of individuals who are reducing their intake of animal products to better themselves and the planet. According to a recent survey, 35% of Brits are eating less meat than they did a year ago. This holds true for Americans, too.

The term reducetarian celebrates this trend in people choosing to eat fewer animal products. It unites vegans and vegetarians (people who eat less meat, just to such a degree that they eat none at all) with everyone who eats less meat than a typical omnivore. And it replaces static and self-defeating identifiers like lazy vegan and cheating vegetarian with more positive ones. Reducetarians work to cut down their carnivorous consumption by gradually reducing their meat, egg, and dairy intakes. They play around with Meatless Monday, Vegan Before Six, and Weekday Vegetarianism to see what works best for them.

Here are 7 reasons this flexible and easy approach to eating will help you become a happier, healthier, and richer person:

1. You will lower your grocery bill.

A family of four may spend anywhere from $760 - $1160 a month for groceries. Vegetables, fruits and plant-based protein are some of the cheapest products on the market, not to mention the best return in nutrient value. The average retail price for beef is about $6/lb ($8/lb for sirloin) whereas $1.49 for a pound of black beans. With 15 g of protein and fiber per cup, your wallet and body will thank you. In fact, one study showed that the average vegetarian saves at least $750 per year on his or her grocery bill.

2. You will cut down on your carbon footprint.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, animal agriculture accounts for approximately 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions thats more than the entire transportation sector combined. But plant-based foods have a much lower carbon footprint than animal-based foods. Thats why the average vegetarian has half the carbon footprint of a meat eater; and for a vegan, its even lower. Cutting down on meat is an easy way to help mitigate climate change.

Medical costs related to obesity are estimated at $147 billion per year. But according to recent research, the answer to the obesity epidemic might in fact have more to do with our brains than with our bodies.

3. You will help fight world hunger.

In 2015, world population reached a staggering 7.3 billion and is expected to hit 8.5 billion by 2030. This increase in mouths to feed creates a rising demand for food. The inefficiencies of feeding plants to raise animals for food instead of feeding these plants directly to people contributes to world hunger. For example, it requires 9 calories of feed for chickens to create 1 calorie from poultry. A decrease in livestock production, as well as a decrease in land to grow crops to feed these animals, will help combat this critical issue.

4. You will help conserve water.

Just one pound of meat requires roughly 2,500 gallons of water - thats 10 times the amount of water required to grow one pound of grain protein. This would mean that the water used to make one burger is equivalent to the amount of water used when showering for two whole months (assuming a four minute daily shower). Its no surprise that animal agriculture accounts for 80% to 90% of U.S. water consumption. With drought-stricken areas on the rise, reducing your consumption of meat can help conserve our precious water.

5. You will be saving farm animals from cruelty.

Factory farmed livestock live in inhumane and cruel conditions. From extremely crowded cages to harming of animals through practices like de-beaking, over 95% of the meat that we find in our grocery store comes from these horrible places. Reducing your consumption of animal products will help lessen the demand for them.

6. You will save money on medical bills.

The American Dietetic Association declared that appropriately planned reducetarian diets, including vegetarian and vegan diets, will provide you with the nutrition you need to stay healthy as well as aid in prevention of certain diseases. Evidence suggests that following a plant-based diet will lower your risk of heart disease, a leading cause of death in the U.S.d States. Furthermore, reducing your meat consumption may help lower your cholesterol levels and blood pressure as well as your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. Given how expensive it is to treat these non-communicable diseases, eating less meat could save you thousands of dollars in health care bills. On a global scale, changing your diet could contribute to saving around $700 million in health care, unpaid informal care and lost working days.

7. You will fuel a growing revolution of start-ups and investment in good food companies.

As the plant-based industry continues to grow, so does its economic value. The Plant-Based Foods Association estimates the industrys annual revenue is roughly $4.9 billion dollars and is expected to keep growing. More than 2,000 jobs (that pay better than many other jobs) are added to this sector every year. Supporting plant-based companies like Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat will not only benefit your taste buds, but also the economy.

Brian Kateman is editor of The Reducetarian Solution: How The Surprisingly Simple Act of Reducing The Amount of Meat in Your Diet Can Transform Your Health and The Planet, co-founder and president of the Reducetarian Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to reducing meat consumption to create a healthy, sustainable, and compassionate world. He is a TEDx speaker and leading expert on food systems and behavioral change.

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