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Have you heard of the pain/pleasure principle?

Research shows it lies at the core of everything you do. The decisions you make and the actions you take are all based on this principle, whether youre consciously aware of it or not.

Its human nature to gravitate towards pleasure and away from pain. Well, duh

There are layers of complexity to this, though. Before every decision you unconsciously ask yourself:

What does this mean?

Will it lead to pain or pleasure?

What should I do about it?

Over the years, youve had a variety of experiences. Some have been painful and led to the emotions of anger, hurt, stress, anxiety, overwhelm and depression. Other experiences induce pleasurable emotions of joy, enthusiasm, curiosity, excitement and love. These experiences represent your filter.

Researchers at the IQ Matrix organization (www.iqmatrix.com) work with consumers to do mind mapping and provide resources for working through obstacles to achieve goals. According to Adam Sicinski, author of How to Use the Pain and Pleasure Principle to Achieve a Goal, all your decisions lead to one or more of the following:

Short-term pain

Short-term pleasure

Long-term pain

Long-term pleasure

Staying the course

Lets say you have a weight-loss goal. Reaching this goal will bring you long-term pleasure because you will feel better, look better and have more energy. However, getting to this point wont be easy, and youll need to go through a lot of short-term pain.

So, you have the tug of the long-term goal of weight loss vs. the temptation of the short-term pull of chocolate and potato chips. While the long-term goal is a pleasurable one, its a painful experience in the short term. Thats why the chips and chocolate often win out at least temporarily.

Trick or Treat The Key

Now hear this. The trick is to associate pain to NOT DOING what you need to do and pleasure to doing what you need to do. So, lifting those weights or walking those miles actually begin to feel pleasurable over time, rather than just representing a means to an end.

Procrastination

Procrastination is when you associate pain to doing something. You likely associate more pleasure to watching TV or surfing social media than cleaning out the closet or organizing the garage. The only problem with this is you dont make progress toward your goals and then you end up with pain.

So, you need to begin to associate pain with sitting around watching TV and pleasure to the action steps associated with your goal. While this is easier said than done, it can open a whole new way of looking at your world.

Instant Gratification

On the flip side, theres a good chance youll fall into the instant gratification trap. This is where short-term pleasure has more influence on your decision-making process than long-term pleasure or short-term pain.

Thats why its so important to keep images of your long-term goals all around you pictures, vision boards, etc. Your brain thinks in pictures.

Set up your support system before you launch headlong into lofty goals:

Put some short-term pleasure in the mix.

Give yourself little rewards along the way.

Plan for setbacks and then get back up on that diving board.

It all comes down to how much pain and pleasure you associate to achieving and not achieving your goals. And not beating yourself up repeatedly.

Setups for Success

Your behaviors didnt fall into place overnight, and they cant be flipped like a light switch. Preparing for change is a critical part of the process, according to author Sicinski. Take some time to ask yourself:

What limiting habits are holding me back?

What emotions or beliefs are tied to these behaviors?

What patterns pop up?

When did this behavior originate in my life?

Why am I letting it continue?

What is this costing me physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually or financially?

What am I missing out on by continuing this behavior?

How has this behavior sabotaged me over and over again?

How has this affected my relationships and my state of mind?

What are five challenges I face with pulling this off?

What beliefs and habits do I need to let go?

What resources do I need?

What and who are my support systems?

How can I make this a priority?

What regrets will I have over the next five years if I continue down this path?

Defining Yourself

After digging deep, try on a new thought process:

My new behavior is

How do I feel physically, mentally and emotionally?

How do I think about myself?

How do I act around others?

How has this change positively affected other areas of my life?

A New Direction

Over time, you can begin to anchor in new approaches to your challenges. These checklists can be used time and time again to set your compass.

It all depends on where you want to go in your life and what youre willing to do to get there.

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By Mayo Clinic News Network

Hundreds of fad diets, weight-loss programs and outright scams promise quick and easy weight loss. However, the foundation of every successful weight-loss program remains a healthy, calorie-controlled diet combined with exercise. For successful, long-term weight loss, you must make permanent changes in your lifestyle and health habits.

How do you make those permanent changes? Consider following these six strategies for weight-loss success.

Permanent weight loss takes time and effort -- and a lifelong commitment. Make sure that you're ready to make permanent changes and that you do so for the right reasons.

To stay committed to your weight loss, you need to be focused. It takes a lot of mental and physical energy to change your habits. So as you're planning new weight-loss-related lifestyle changes, make a plan to address other stresses in your life first, such as financial problems or relationship conflicts. While these stresses may never go away completely, managing them better should improve your ability to focus on achieving a healthier lifestyle. Then, once you're ready to launch your weight-loss plan, set a start date and then -- start.

No one else can make you lose weight. You must undertake diet and exercise changes to please yourself. What's going to give you the burning drive to stick to your weight-loss plan? Make a list of what's important to you to help stay motivated and focused, whether it's an upcoming beach vacation or better overall health. Then find a way to make sure that you can call on your motivational factors during moments of temptation. Perhaps you want to post an encouraging note to yourself on the pantry door, for instance.

While you have to take responsibility for your own behavior for successful weight loss, it helps to have support -- of the right kind. Pick people to support you who will encourage you in positive ways, without shame, embarrassment or sabotage. Ideally, find people who will listen to your concerns and feelings, spend time exercising with you or creating healthy menus, and who will share the priority you've placed on developing a healthier lifestyle. Your support group can also offer accountability, which can be a strong motivation to stick to your weight-loss goals. If you prefer to keep your weight-loss plans private, be accountable to yourself by having regular weigh-ins and recording your diet and exercise progress in a journal.

It may seem obvious to set realistic weight-loss goals. But do you really know what's realistic? Over the long term, it's best to aim for losing 1 to 2 pounds (0.5 to 1 kilogram) a week, although initially you might lose weight more quickly than that if you make significant changes -- just be sure the changes are health supporting. To lose 1 to 2 pounds a week, you need to burn 500 to 1,000 calories more than you consume each day, through a lower calorie diet and regular exercise.

When you're setting goals, think about both process and outcome goals. "Exercise regularly" is an example of a process goal, while "Lose 30 pounds" is an example of an outcome goal. It isn't essential that you have an outcome goal, but you should set process goals because changing your processes -- your habits -- is a key to weight loss. Also make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-limited. An example of a SMART goal is aiming to walk for 30 minutes a day, five days a week for the next three months, and logging your results.

Adopting a new eating style that promotes weight loss must include lowering your total calorie intake. But decreasing calories need not mean giving up taste, satisfaction or even ease of meal preparation. One way you can lower your calorie intake is by eating more plant-based foods -- fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to help you achieve your goals without giving up taste or nutrition.

In particular, get your weight loss started by eating a healthy breakfast every day; eating at least four servings of vegetables and three servings of fruits daily; and using healthy fats, such as olive oil, vegetable oils and nut butters. In addition, cut back on sugar, choose low-fat dairy products and keep meat consumption to a 3-ounce portion (about the size of a deck of cards).

The key to weight loss is burning more calories than you consume. Because 3,500 calories equals about 1 pound (0.5 kilogram) of fat, you need to burn 3,500 calories more than you take in to lose 1 pound. So if you cut 500 calories from your typical diet each day, you'd lose about 1 pound a week (500 calories x 7 days = 3,500 calories).

While you can lose weight without exercise, exercise plus calorie restriction can help give you the weight-loss edge. Exercise can help burn off the excess calories you can't cut through diet alone. Exercise also offers numerous health benefits, including boosting your mood, strengthening your cardiovascular system and reducing your blood pressure. Exercise can also help in maintaining weight loss. Studies show that people who maintain their weight loss over the long term get regular physical activity.

How many calories you burn depends on the frequency, duration and intensity of your activities. One of the best ways to lose body fat is through steady aerobic exercise -- such as brisk walking -- for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Any extra movement helps burn calories, though. Lifestyle activities may be easier to fit into your day. Think about ways you can increase your physical activity throughout the day if you can't fit in formal exercise on a given day. For example, make several trips up and down stairs instead of using the elevator, or park at the far end of the lot when shopping.

It's not enough to eat healthy foods and exercise for only a few weeks or even months if you want long-term, successful weight loss. These habits must become a way of life. Lifestyle changes start with taking an honest look at your eating patterns and daily routine. After assessing your personal challenges to weight loss, try working out a strategy to gradually change habits and attitudes that have sabotaged your past efforts. And you have to move beyond simply recognizing your challenges -- you have to plan for how you'll deal with them if you're going to succeed in losing weight once and for all.

You likely will have an occasional setback. But instead of giving up entirely after a setback, simply start fresh the next day. Remember that you're planning to change your life. It won't happen all at once. Stick to your healthy lifestyle and the results will be worth it.

Source: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/weight-loss/HQ01625/NSECTIONGROUP=2

Distributed by Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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By Sola Ogundipe

Obesity means having far too much body fat. Its about much more than your clothing size or how you look. It can seriously affect your health. Your whole body feels it, from your joints to your heart, blood pressure, blood sugar, and other systems. The extra fat cells produce inflammation and various hormones, which boosts your odds of chronic medical conditions.

Obesity describes someone who is very overweight with a high degree of body fat. Being a little overweight may not cause many noticeable problems, but once you are carrying a few extra kilograms, you may develop symptoms that affect your daily life.

Are you obese?

Obesity is beyond being simply overweight. Its very common more than 1 in 5 adults are obese. If youre one of them, you can work to lose weight. Although its not easy, dropping some of those extra kilos maybe fewer than you think starts to turn things around for you.

Body Mass Index

The most widely used method to assess a persons weight is the body mass index (BMI), which is your weight in kilograms divided by your height in metres squared.

For adults, experts usually define obesity based on body mass index. If your BMI is between 25 and 29, you would be considered overweight; if between 30 and 40, you would be considered obese and if over 40, you would be considered very obese.

What your BMI says

If two people weigh the same amount but one is taller than the other, the taller person will have a lower BMI. To find your body mass index, plug your height and weight into a BMI calculator.

If your BMI is: Below 18.5 you are underweight. If it is 18.5-24.9 youre normal; 25-29.9 is overweight and 30 or higher is obese. If youre obese, your doctor might talk about the categories of obesity:

Obesity level l: BMI of 30-34.9

Obesity level ll: BMI of 35-39.9

Obesity level lll: BMI of 40 or higher (morbid) obesity

Problems with BMI

Body mass index doesnt tell the whole story about your body, though. Your BMI doesnt show whether your weight is fat or muscle. If youre a super-fit athlete, your muscle might put you in the overweight or obese range. Or, if youre elderly and have lost muscle mass over the years, your BMI could be normal, but youre not in as good shape as you think. The formula also doesnt show where your fat is located on your body. And it doesnt consider differences among ethnic groups.

As obese children also tend to be obese in later life, it is important for parents to set the right example for their children from an early age. If you are overweight or obese, visit your doctor to find out if you are at increased risk of health problems, and how you can safely lose weight.

Underlying causes for obesity

*certain medicine or a medical condition that causes weight gain,

*your lifestyle particularly your diet and how much physical activity you do, and also whether you smoke, and how much alcohol you drink

*how you feel about being overweight for example, if you are feeling depressed about it or how motivated you are to lose weight

*family history of obesity and other health conditions, such as diabetes

As well as calculating your BMI, your doctor may also perform tests including measuring your blood pressure, the distance around your waist, as well as glucose (sugar) and lipid (fat) levels in your blood.

Obesity vs overweight

Being obese is different from being overweight. Obesity is an important condition which causes significant morbidity and mortality through increased rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart disease, amongst other conditions. It can also cause sleep disturbances and lead to reduced fertility rates.

Obesity and pain

There now appears to be a strong link between obesity and pain. Studies show that obese people are much more likely to feel light to intense pain in many parts of the body. Scientists do not understand exactly how or why obesity causes pain, but it is clear that weight loss can help reduce pain and improve quality of life for obese patients.

Check your Waist Size

Another useful method is to measure around your waist. Men whose waist measurement is 40 inches or 94 cm or more and women whose waist measurment is 35 inches or 80 cm or more are more likely to develop obesity-related health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some types of cancer.

If your waist is more than 35 inches around and youre a woman, or if its more than 40 inches and youre a man, you might have too much belly fat. Carrying extra fat around your stomach is unhealthy, no matter what your BMI is.

The Edmonton Scale

There are five stages:

Stage 0: You dont have any health problems related to your weight.

Stage 1: Any weight-related health problems are mild (such as borderline high blood pressure or occasional aches and pains).

Stage 2: You have an obesity-related chronic disease, such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, or osteoarthritis, and you have moderate problems doing daily activities or feeling well.

Stage 3: Youve had serious weight-related problems, such as a heart attack, heart failure, stroke, or other conditions.

Stage 4: This is the most severe level of weight-related chronic health conditions, which are extreme and life-threatening..

What obesity does to your body

The risks go up and up as BMI increases. Obesity puts extra stress on your bones, joints, and organs, making them work harder than they should. Too much body fat raises your blood pressure and cholesterol, and makes heart disease and stroke more likely. It also worsens conditions like osteoarthritis, back pain, asthma, and sleep apnea.

Too much fat causes inflammation that can damage cells. Obesity is also linked to several types of cancers. It can also make your body respond less well to insulin, which controls your blood sugar. Over time, that can lead to type 2 diabetes.

The weight makes it harder to be active, too. Carrying around extra pounds takes extra energy, so it can be difficult for obese people to exercise.

What helps

If youve tried to lose weight before, you know its much easier said than done. Its not just about willpower, and the solutions go way beyond counting calories, fat grams, or carbs. What you eat and how active you are affects your whole day. Youll need to makeover the habits that go into your meals, snacks, and activities.

Thats a huge commitment. Take it one small step at a time. You can build on successes. Dont try to do too much, too soon. If you often eat for emotional reasons, youll need to find other ways to handle the feelings that usually make you eat. Consider talking with a counselor. She can help you make those shifts in how you think, and how you relate to food and to your body.

Meanwhile, your body might resist your weight-loss efforts. If someone does lose 20 or 30 pounds, their metabolism goes down and they start to burn fewer calories. Our bodies are designed to regain weight, so its much easier to prevent obesity than to treat it.

Making changes

Before you start to make changes, write down everything you eat and drink for a few days. This can help you decide what you need to change about your diet.

Most people, at any weight, need to eat more fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins. They also need to cut out junk food and sugary drinks.

Being active is also key. Any kind of movement helps, and you dont have to go to a gym. Ask your doctor whats OK for you to do. A certified personal trainer can help you plan a workout that fits your needs.

If you find that you need more help than diet and exercise, talk with your doctor. Certain prescription drugs are approved for weight loss. They curb your appetite or prevent your body from absorbing fat. Youll still need to watch what you eat and be active.

Weight loss surgery can help people lose large amounts of weight. But its not right for everyone, and it does have risks. You wont be able to eat like you used to, you might need to take vitamins to meet your nutritional needs, and youll need to work on diet and exercise to keep up the results.

Keep your perspective

If it all seems like too much to take on, or if your past tries to lose weight make you wonder if it will ever happen for you, take a moment to challenge those thoughts. Its not about being a certain size. Its about small steps that add up to better health over time. If you lose as little as 5-10 per cent of your weight, it starts to make a positive difference. Focus on what is possible for you and what you can commit to, even if its just for right now. You can make the decision again tomorrow and build your way to where you want to be, day by day.

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Bill Ballou Telegram & Gazette Staff @BillBallouTG

Zero-based budgeting is one of those ideas that is so good nobody dares try it because it might work.

It is simple enough. Rather than assume that we have to spend 3 percent more money in 2017 than we did in 2016, we do a budget from scratch since it turns out we are not spending nearly as much on whale oil for our lamps as we did in 1845.

So it is for sports and rules.

Even golf is changing its rules, simplifying them for the first time since before a niblick was something you ordered with salsa. If golf can do it, so can baseball, and that is apparently what Major League Baseball commissioner Rob Manfred is thinking, too, because the games rules are changing this season.

The most obvious one is the intentional walk rule. No more lobs to the plate, just the old four-finger signal. This is to help speed up games. The Red Sox had 60 intentional walks in their 162 games last year, and figuring each one at 2 minutes from dugout to first base, that will save about 45 seconds a game.

Cutting commercials between innings by 30 seconds would save nine minutes, but try drumming up support for that.

Another new rule gives managers 30 seconds to challenge a call. Ten years ago, there were no challenges, so this is a newer rule to fix a new rule. How about no challenges? Calls even out over the course of a season you win some, you lose some, but you only remember the ones that cost you, not the ones that help you.

Those are the biggest changes, both designed to speed up the game. Its a start, anyway, and indicates that Manfred is serious about doing something. Of course, every new president is serious about balancing the budget, too, but whens the last time that happened?

There are many baseball rules that could incrementally save time, and many that have never made any sense, period.

Balks, for instance. Who knows what a balk is? The balk rule is like field hockey rules. If it looks odd, its a balk, and most times pitchers dont even know they did it. How about eliminating the balk unless the umpires deem it to be intentional? And if it is intentional, just call a ball on the batter dont award the runners an extra base.

Once a year or so, the winning run comes home via a balk. How ridiculous is that?

Somebody tell me why a pitcher can fake a throw to second base but not to first? Wheres the consistency in that? No more fake throws anywhere, anytime, OK? Also, no stepping off the rubber if a pitcher needs time to compose his thoughts. Once the foot is on the rubber, the pitcher must throw the ball or try a pickoff at first.

Cut down on the mound conferences, please. If you cant get your signals straight, thats your problem. Work on it between games or something. One conference an inning per pitcher, thats enough. And why so many exchanges of baseballs? If a ball is damaged, it has to go, no question. But if the pitcher just doesn't like the way it feels, thats life. We all go to work with a headache sometimes.

Finally, umpires are not required to call time out when asked. They shouldnt grant it unless there is a compelling reason, like a batter has something in his eye, a pitcher is swarmed by yellow jackets, or the shortstop sees one of those Quabbin Reservoir rattlesnakes slithering toward him.

A runner slides safely into second or third base and needs time out to brush off his baseball trousers? Too bad just stand on the bag and do it; nothing bad can happen when you stand on the base.

Baseball games get longer the same way we gain weight an ounce a week, 5 pounds a year, 50 pounds a decade. Games can get shorter the same way, too. A minute every year for 10 years will help, or the 45 seconds well get from the four-finger intentional walk.

Baseball Jeopardy

Answers:

1. He had the lowest batting average in the American League last season, among hitters with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting race.

2. The last Red Sox batter to have the lowest average in the AL among qualifying hitters.

3. The last National League batter to hit 50 home runs in a season.

Questions below.

Umps retire

Perhaps lost amid the trades and free agent signings over the winter was the announcement that veteran umpire Jim Joyce joined John Hirschbeck, Tim Welke and Bob Davidson in retiring. Despite his mistake in the Armando Galarraga almost-perfect game, or maybe because of it, Joyce was one of the best umps in the sport. Also, he was one of the nicest people.

Joyce was the umpire who made the interference call on the Red Sox in the ninth inning of Game 3 in the 2013 World Series that led to the St. Louis Cardinals Allen Craig coming home with the winning run. Afterward, as I walked back to my car, I wound up waiting at the same crosswalk with Joyce and his wife, who were headed to dinner.

I told him that after a lot of review, just about everyone in the press box agreed with his call, to which he responded, I know I was right, but that doesnt change the fact that my hearts still beating about 1,000 times a minute.

WBC local connection

The World Baseball Classic already has had one classic game as Team Shrewsbury Street, known more formally as Team Italy, beat Mexico on Thursday night, 10-9. Italy was down, 9-5, heading into the bottom of the ninth and rallied for five runs with Shrewsbury native John Andreoli driving in the tying and winning runs with a single.

Milfords Chris Colabello had helped fuel the rally with a double. Both Colabello and Andreoli had two hits, one of them a home run.

Catching up with...

Wes Chamberlains Red Sox career was short, but dramatic. The powerful outfielder was with Boston for parts of the 1994 and 1995 seasons and had one highlight-reel moment each year.

At Fenway on July 8, 1994, he went up-and-over the bullpen wall in right to take a pinch homer away from Seattles Reggie Jefferson in the top of the ninth of a game Boston led, 4-3. Thanks to the catch, the Sox held on to win.

On May 9, 1995, Chamberlain came up as pinch hitter in the bottom of the ninth of a 3-3 tie with the Baltimore Orioles and hit a pitch from Armando Benitez over the Green Monster to win it for Boston. It was the last homer of Chamberlains big-league career.

Reggie Jefferson came to us in 1995, Chamberlain, 50, remembered, and we were teammates. That catch was all we talked about in the clubhouse that year.

Chamberlain played on the Philadelphia Phillies team that lost the 1993 World Series to Toronto, and arrived in Boston when the Sox had a new GM in 1994, Dan Duquette, and then a new manager in 95 in Kevin Kennedy.

It was very transitional, the two years I was there, Chamberlain recalled, but you have to take the good with the bad and go with the flow. The fans in Boston are very intense, and they either love you or hate you. They loved me after the home run. Everybody has moments that break the ice.

Chamberlain played professionally until 2002, then returned to the Chicago area, where he grew up. He is an entrepreneur, a writer, has financial interests and gives private lessons in baseball and softball.

Im pretty content, he said. Those five or six years were the best of my life. Not everybody has a major league career, get to play in a World Series and experience what I did.

Jeopardy questions

1. Who is Alex Gordon? The Royals left fielder hit .220 in 2016.

2. Who is Rob Deer? Deer batted .210 in 1993, finishing the season with the Red Sox after starting it with the Tigers.

3. Who is Prince Fielder? He hit 50 home runs for the Brewers in 2007.

Contact Bill Ballou at william.ballou@telegram.com. Follow him on Twitter at BillBallouTG.

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This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

Its hard not to notice that the range of gluten-free foods available in supermarkets has increased massively in recent years. This is partly because the rise in the number of people diagnosed with coeliac disease and gluten sensitivity, and partly because celebrities, such as Gwyneth Paltrow, Miley Cyrus and Victoria Beckham,have praised gluten-free diets. What used to be prescription-only food is now a global health fad. But for how much longer? New research from Harvard University has found a link between gluten-free diets and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Gluten is a protein found in cereals such as wheat, rye and barley. It is particularly useful in food production. For example, it gives elasticity to dough, helping it to rise and keep its shape, and providing a chewy texture. Many types of foods may contain gluten, including less obvious ones such as salad dressing, soup and beer.

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Loaves of bread are seen at a Metro cash and carry store in Kiev, Ukraine, August 17, 2016. Gluten-free versions are not healthier than traditional bread. Valentyn Ogirenko/REUTERS

The same protein that is so useful in food production is a nightmare for people with coeliac disease. Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body mistakenly reacts to gluten as if it were a threat to the body. The condition is quite common, affecting one in 100 people, but only a quarter of those who have the disease have been diagnosed.

There is evidence that the popularity of gluten-free diets has surged, even though the incidence of coeliac disease has remained stable. This is potentially due to increasing numbers of people with non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. In these cases, people exhibit some of the symptoms of coelaic disease but without having an immune response. In either case, avoiding gluten in foods is the only reliable way to control symptoms, that may include diarrhoea, abdominal pain and bloating.

Without any evidence for beneficial effects, many people without coeliac disease or gluten sensitivity are now turning to gluten-free diets as a healthy alternative to a normal diet. Supermarkets have reacted to meet this need by stocking ever growing free from ranges. The findings of this recent study, however, suggest that there could be a significant drawback to adopting a gluten-free diet that was not previously known.

What the Harvard group behind this study have reported is that there is an inverse association between gluten intake and type 2 diabetes risk. This means that the less gluten found in a diet, the higher the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

The data for this exciting finding comes from three separate, large studies thatcollectively included almost 200,000 people. Of those 200,000 people, 15,947 cases of type 2 diabetes were confirmed during the follow-up period. Analysis showed that those who had the highest intake of gluten had an 80 percentlower chance of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those who had the lowest levels of gluten intake.

This study has important implications for those who either have to avoid or choose to avoid gluten in their diet. Type 2 diabetes is a serious condition that affects more than 400m people worldwidea number which is certain to increase for many years to come.

Collectively, diabetes is responsible for around 10 percentof the entire NHS budget and drugs to treat diabetes alone cost almost 1 billion annually. There is no cure for type 2 diabetes and remission is extremely rare. This means that once diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, it is almost impossible to revert back to being healthy.

It is important to note that the data for this study was retrospectively gathered. This allows for very large numbers to be included but relies on food-frequency questionnaires collected every two to four years and the honesty of those recruited to the study. This type of study design is rarely as good as a prospective study where you follow groups of people randomly assigned to either have low- or high-gluten diets over many years. However, prospective studies are expensive to run and its difficult to find enough people willing to take part in them.

While there is some evidence for a link between coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes, this is the first study to show a link between gluten consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes. This is an important finding. For those who choose a gluten-free diet because they believe it to be healthy, it may be time to reconsider your food choices.

James Brown, Lecturer in Biology and Biomedical Science, Aston University

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New York Times

Mediterranean Diet vs. Statins to Prevent Heart Attack and Stroke? New York Times A. Both the Mediterranean diet and statins can be effective in helping to lower the risk of potentially fatal complications of heart disease. A large and rigorous study published in 2013, for example, found that switching to a Mediterranean diet ...

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It is well established that a poor diet can raise the risk of cardiovascular death. New research, however, sheds light on the leading dietary risk factors for death from cardiovascular disease, as well as how many cardiovascular deaths these risk factors equate to.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an umbrella term for conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. These include heart attack, heart disease, heart failure, and stroke.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CVD is the leading cause of death across the globe. In 2012, CVD was the cause of around 17.5 million global deaths, accounting for around 31 percent of all deaths that year.

How does diet contribute to the burden of CVD death in the United States?

Dr. Ashkan Afshin, of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington, and colleagues sought to answer this question with their new study.

Results were recently presented at the American Heart Association's Epidemiology and Prevention/Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health 2017 Scientific Sessions, held in Portland, OR.

The researchers used data from a variety of global sources to reach their findings, including 1990-2012 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and food availability data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

The team then looked at the number of CVD deaths that occurred in the U.S. in 2015 and used a systematic approach to quantify how certain dietary factors contributed to these deaths.

The researchers calculated that both a lack of healthful foods and high intake of unhealthful foods contributed to more than 415,000 CVD deaths in the U.S. in 2015. Of these deaths, more than 222,000 occurred in men and more than 193,000 occurred in women.

The team found that low intake of nuts and seeds and a low intake of vegetables were the two leading dietary risk factors for CVD death, accounting for 11.6 percent and 11.5 percent of deaths, respectively.

A low intake of whole grains accounted for 10.4 percent of CVD deaths, while excess salt intake was responsible for around 9 percent of CVD deaths.

Dr. Afshin and colleagues say that their findings show that adopting a healthful diet could help to save tens of thousands of lives every year.

"Low intake of healthy foods such as nuts, vegetables, whole grains, and fruits combined with higher intake of unhealthy dietary components, such as salt and trans-fat, is a major contributor to deaths from cardiovascular disease in the United States.

Our results show that nearly half of cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States can be prevented by improving diet."

Dr. Ashkan Afshin

Learn how a Mediterranean diet could reduce the risk of CVD.

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Poor diet to blame for almost half of CVD deaths - Medical News Today

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Do men and women fare better on certain diets? Not exactly: The truth of the matter is, it really depends on the person, Robin Foroutan, a dietitian and the national spokeswoman for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, told Fox News. A persons activity levels, family history, and genes can all determine what particular diet they are best suited for.

THE DISEASES YOU'RE MORE LIKELY TO GET AS A MAN AND WOMAN

Instead, the main difference between men and women is in calorie needs, Rabia Rahman, assistant professor of nutrition and dietetics at Saint Louis University, told Fox News. Men tend to have more lean muscle, which is more metabolically active meaning men burn more calories even at rest, and thus have higher calorie needs, she explained.

Still, there are some nutrients that deserve a bit of extra attention. While men and women should both strive to get adequate amounts of each nutrient, there are a few in particular that they should take extra care to get:

1. Calcium (Women) Women usually require more calcium for bone health, Litsa Georgakilas, an R.D. and LDN at Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, told Fox News. Georgakilas noted that dairy products like milk, yogurt, and cheese are all good sources of calcium, along with foods such as almonds and fortified cereals.

THE 5 MOST POPULAR PLASTIC SURGERIES FOR MEN

2. Zinc (Men) Zinc is important for testosterone production and immune function, Foroutan said, and can be found in sources like beef and lamb, sesame seeds, and pumpkin seeds. But dont stress too much about this nutrient: Your zinc levels would likely have to be extremely low to have an impact on your sexual function or reproduction organs, Rahman told Fox News.

3. Iron (Women) Women often require more iron to replace what is lost during menstruation, Georgakilas explained. Red meat is a good source of iron, along with certain legumes like lentils, or leafy greens. But, Georgakilas said, if youre getting your iron through plant-based foods, make sure to add in a source of Vitamin C like lemon juice or a citrus vinaigrette because iron from plant sources can be harder for the body to utilize on its own.

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4. Selenium (Men) Selenium is important for certain detoxification processes in the body, Foroutan noted, which can help men detoxify compounds, like the hormone estrogen, appropriately. Selenium can be found in foods like Brazil nuts, seafood, grass-fed beef, and organ meat.

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At While We Were Young. Photo: Noah Fecks

Warby Parker alum Jen Rubio is the co-founder of Away, which specializes in simple, stylish luggage. Since her business is less than 2 years old, Rubio is very much in start-up mode this week, she moved her team to a larger office, held meetings with investors, and worked on a Sunday night (with the help of RedFarm). She also ate pasta all around New York even for breakfast, one day and made good use of the citys many delivery services. Read all about it in this weeks Grub Street Diet.

Thursday, March 2Rubys is in my neighborhood, and I walk past it every day on my way to work, but they dont open till 9 a.m. So I always have my phone, ready to order right when they open. And I always get the mushroom scramble, which is so good.

And then, after the photo shoot that morning, I ordered a Sweetgreen salad for lunch, but it basically just sat on my desk all afternoon. I have a real love-hate relationship with lunch. Im either at a really great lunch meeting, or I just forget to eat.

But that was fine, because later in the day I took my PR team to dinner at Charlie Bird. I love taking the team out for dinner, because we basically order one of everything. Although, I did try to order the $95 rib eye, and that got vetoed as being too intense. But we did have literally one of everything on the menu except for that.

Friday, March 3 I love holding meetings at the Crosby Street Hotel. I do this thing where I tend to over-order for breakfast, and then Im really sleepy. But that day, I just got the porridge with mangoes.

It was actually moving day for Away on Friday. We moved from Soho to Noho. I was basically running errands all day, so I picked up a salad from Sweetgreen; but, mysteriously, I got back home and realized that I probably left my salad on a shelf at Duane Reade. I ended up ordering from Mimi Chengs instead; instead of snacking like a normal person, I often get dumplings as a snack.

Im obsessed with Sugarfish in Los Angeles, where I go once a month, and I eat at Sugarfish once or twice a week when Im there. It just opened here in Flatiron, but its impossible to get into. I tried to go there for dinner with my boyfriend on Friday, but it was a three- or four-hour wait, so we just gave up and ordered in from Uncle Boons. The crab fried rice is my favorite. And the rotisserie chicken is out of this world.

Saturday, March 4With a colleague and a friend, I braved the cold and went on a dim-sum tour in Flushing. This friend is a dim-sum connoisseur and took us all around. I had big plans to go to the Armory Show, but I ate so much that I got sick and had to skip it. I was incapacitated from all the dim sum.

But I have another friend whos starting this company called Collection Coffee. He came over that afternoon and gave me some of his new coffee beans and an espresso machine to try, so he taught me how to use that. I normally go to Gasoline Alley for coffee. I ended up skipping dinner on Saturday because I had drunk so much coffee, and I still felt sick from the dim sum!

Sunday, March 5 My good friends were in town from L.A., so I went to 11 Howard, where they were staying, in sweatpants to just lie in bed and order room service. And I love 11 Howard to death, but its room service just comes in takeout containers its not like the full room-service experience that you want. So half an hour after, we were still hungry. We ended up walking a few blocks up to Sant Ambroeus, and had a second breakfast there. They all got breakfast foods, but Im having a real pasta moment. I basically stopped eating pasta for a couple months, and now Im back in full force. I mean, thank god.

It was 11:45 in the morning, and everyone around me was eating eggs, and I had the spaghetti carbonara for breakfast. It was amazing. And whenever Im there, I always order pancakes for the table. After my two breakfasts, I ended up at the Bowery Hotel for a weekend work session over tea, which turned into 4 p.m. drinks, and we ended up ordering food from Gemma to our table. I love their little crostinis, and I always get the pesto pasta.

At this point, Id had a breakfast and two pastas, and a lot of Old Fashioneds. But it was still pretty early. By the time I had left, it was only 6:30 p.m. Normally on Sundays, I just like to prep for the week ahead, and my co-founder, Steph, and I have a tradition of getting RedFarm. I got the three-chili chicken and the pork-and-crab soup dumplings. It was a little extravagant for ordering in, but it was so good.

Monday, March 6 I was like, Okay, Im going to be healthy! I went to Greecologies, which is around the corner from my apartment, and I got Greek yogurt with rose-petal honey. I mean, obviously, Ive never eaten a rose, but it was just incredible. It tastes like a rose does, I think. And then I went next door to Cha Cha Matcha, which is such a hot spot right now, but when you go really early, all the cool kids that go there arent always up yet. So its bearable and easy, and you dont have to wait 20 minutes for a coconut-matcha latte.

Monday was our first day in the new office, which was super exciting. I had a full day of meetings, so I ended up ordering in from Hu Kitchen. I always order a chocolate bar, so no matter how healthy my order is, I end up eating an entire bar of chocolate before the days over. I like the one with quinoa puffs. I also had an avocado smoothie and chicken soup. I still felt good about myself for getting healthy Paleo food.

We just launched a collaboration with Pop & Suki, so we had a launch dinner at this new restaurant in the West Village called While We Were Young. Its tiny; it probably only seats about 30, but it has pastel hues, which are perfect because we launched a pink suitcase. I had tuna tartare and squid-ink spaghetti. Can I really say I had pasta again? Everyone was drinking ros because it was pink.

Tuesday, March 7 Our new office is on Fourth and Lafayette, so were right across from Lafayette, the restaurant, which is a great place for breakfast meetings. I got a smoked-salmon Benedict, and they do it with this amazing brioche bun on the side and its smoked-salmon hash in a skillet. Its one of my favorite breakfasts in the city.

A few hours later, I actually had a lunch meeting at Lafayette again, and I got a rotisserie-chicken salad. This was a pretty serious business meeting with one of our investors. So, you know, I got the salad. We were having a pretty intense business talk, and then a waiter walked past, and he was holding a bowl of their black macaroni with rock shrimp and tomato sauce. And we both looked at it, and were like, Should we get that for the table? So this serious business lunch turned into us literally splitting a bowl of pasta. Another bowl of pasta. I do work out.

We do a dinner with every team every quarter. Im not going to name the place, but we had a very subpar dinner at an Italian place. The service was terrible. They randomly brought out a birthday cake, and we thought maybe they brought it to the wrong table, but it was nobodys birthday in the whole restaurant. We were confused. Beforehand, I had walked past Hecho en Dumbo, and they make this amazing stuffed pepper, and that was all I could think about at this Italian place. I did have another pasta sampler, though, because Im embarrassing, and I have to eat pasta three times a day.

Wednesday, March 8Were being featured in an AmEx commercial, and the hair and makeup team came to my apartment. I was trying to be a good host at 6 in the morning, so I showed off my newfound espresso skills and bought a bunch of pastries, but I was basically the only one who ate them. I showed up to the shoot with crumbs in my hair, and everyone was like, Whats wrong with you?

Later, we had our board meeting, and we ordered in from the Smile some rotisserie chicken and the cauliflower. But then, I did that thing where youre just talking the whole time, so you dont really get to eat. I ended up ordering chicken fingers from Dirty Bird.

For dinner, I went to a dinner hosted by Karlie Kloss at Two Hands, and then I was off to the airport after that. This is kind of embarrassing, but I have this airport tradition at JFK Terminal 4: I always go to Buffalo Wild Wings, and I always get snack-size boneless, hot barbecue wings. Its a little much right before you get on a plane, but I just cant walk past Wild Wings without eating there.

This makes 71 franchisees that have settled labor violations with New York State.

11 tastemakers on their favorite glasses for water, juice, or iced tea.

Come see inside, what we do, the real lives of the men and women who work here.

Once again, the chain will invite customers to doodle on a blank canvas.

It appears that a new era of congeelike chao, turmeric-oil-stained catfish, and pillowy, empanada-like bnh gi is upon us.

The family-owned store wanted to pay tribute to the legacy of its most famous employee.

So this serious business lunch turned into us literally splitting a bowl of pasta.

Theyll be no more after March 17.

So much dripping chocolate.

Watch and learn.

Wait, a gold-infused tortilla filled with Kobe beef, caviar, and truffles doesnt sound good to you either?

Find out where to eat in our weekly ranking of the citys most important restaurants.

The soft cheese is made by Vulto Creamery.

One of its attorneys tells the Washingtonian that hes clearly using the office to gain an advantage over local businesses.

The chain CaliBurger is swapping its human cooks with a robot named Flippy.

The definition of this sacred New York dining institution has changed over the years, but the best steakhouses share certain time-honored qualities.

Where to find a very quick sushi meal for just under $30.

The flavors include riffs on Froot Loops, Frosted Flakes, and Cocoa Krispies.

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Start-up Founder Jen Rubio Eats Pasta Multiple Times a Day - Grub Street

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Not too long ago, veganism was thought to be a practice upheld mostly by food-deprived tree huggers who have an unyielding passion for animal rights.

Nowadays, the rest of the world is catching on, and its not just because more awareness has been created around animal cruelty. The health and wellness benefits of the vegan lifestyle are becoming proven, recognized and indisputable.

Plus, vegan cookbooks proveeating vegan can actually be quite delicious.

If youre thinking about going vegan, you wont regret it. Sure, it involves significant effort, planning and sacrifices but the benefits are well worth it.

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A plant-based diet will dramatically increase your energy levels, promote significant weight loss, improve your overall health, get you glowing skin and much, much more.

Here are six major benefits of following a vegan diet.

Veganism is a great diet for weight loss, and studies have proven this. A recent study involved 1,151 dieters and 12 different diet trials in which participants followed a specific eating regime and their weight loss was monitored.

The diets studied included vegan, vegetarian, animal-based, etc. The vegans lost the most weight but why? Vegan meals tend to be high in fiber,and fiber-rich, plant-based foods will make you feel fuller and more satisfied for longer, so youre less likely to snack on something naughty an hour post-meal.

Also, by cutting out cheese and dairy from your diet, youre cutting out a huge percentage of unhealthy fats. When vegans cook themselves dinner, its typically made up of lots of vegetables and whole grains, all of which have a low glycemic index. Low GI foods contribute to weight loss, as do high-fiber foods.

Adopting a vegan lifestyle can help you prevent a number of different diseases.

For example, studies have shown lower breast cancer rates in countries where women eat less meat and animal products compared to countries where women eat more animal products.

Eliminating dairy products and meat also improves your cardiovascular health, lowers blood pressure and reduces your risk of heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. Veganism also combats arthritis, inflammation, asthma and osteoporosis.

Your overall health stands to benefit a remarkable amount if you go vegan sooner rather than later.

Several vegans attribute their healthy, clear and glowing skin to their plant-based diet. Come to think of it, almost all the vegans I know have beautiful skin and look fantastic without makeup.

It makes sense since eating a plant-based diet means theyre taking in more vitamins, antioxidants, water and minerals than most people. And its not just skin that stands to benefit, either. Thanks to all that omega-3 and vitamin A and B, veganism results in healthier nails and fuller, more healthy-looking hair.

Vegans look and feel younger, too, and theres a reason. The vegan diet tends to promote collagen production. This is important since we naturally lose collagen as we age, which makes the skin appear thinner and saggier and causes wrinkles.

The vegan diet results in more collagen production because vegans tend to have a higher vitamin C intake (due to all the fruits and vegetables they eat) and vitamin C boosts collagen.

Eating foods that are easy on your digestive system will make all the difference when it comes to your energy levels, and animal foods are difficult for your body to digest.

When your digestive system is overworked, you feel lethargic and low on energy. Thats why going vegan and eating more plant-based foods will dramatically increase your energy levels. This means you can be more productive during the day, have more energy for the gym and achieve more in your day-to-day.

When you become a vegan, you may notice more energy by day but youll also notice better sleep quality by night.

Your sleep will improve when youre a vegan, and it has everything to do with what youre consuming by day. Vegans cant eat meat, eggs or dairy so they end up eating a lot of nuts, fruits and vegetables instead.

Walnuts, pistachios, pineapple, oranges and cherries are known to help the body produce natural melatonin. Plus, plant-based foods are often high in vitamin B6, magnesium and potassium, which aid in the production of serotonin and help relax the body and mind.

Why not be part of the solution, instead of being part of the problem? Vegans save animals, they contribute toward reducing their countrys water-intake and their practices help avoid deforestation.

We need significantly less water and less land to produce plant-based foods compared to the amount needed to produce animal-based foods. So, those tree-hugging vegans really are helping save the planet.

Subscribe to Elite Daily's official newsletter, The Edge, for more stories you don't want to miss.

Erica Majored in Psychology at UBC has worked in the dating industry for over 6 years. She is the author of the popular dating advice book, "Aren't You Glad You Read This?" available on Amazon. See more of her articles on her advice column www. ...

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Here are six major benefits of following a vegan diet. - Elite Daily

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