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Come stroll through the Promenade Park and explore living in excellence. Promenade Park is ideally situated off of Providence Road and Ballantyne Commons Parkway. Located within minutes of I-485, I-77, Uptown Charlotte and Charlotte Douglas International Airport, Promenade Park is also within walking distance of the finest shopping, restaurants and entertainment that Charlotte has to offer. Our community offers unprecedented levels of style and sophistication with an array of thoughtfully designed amenities and carefully constructed floor plans. We offer 1, 2, and 3 bedroom homes and 2 and 3 bedroom townhomes. We invite you to come indulge yourself in the extraordinary lifestyle that awaits you at Promenade Park. Visit for availability and pricing information!

Lease terms are variable. Please inquire with property staff. Pet Policy: Maximum 3 pets per apartment. Restrictions: Breed restrictions apply. No agressive breeds allowed. Following breeds and mixes of these breeds are strictly prohibited. Pit Bulls, Staffordshire Terriers, Dobermans, Rotweilers, Chow-Chow's or Presa Canario. Pets 45 pounds and over 35 are required to be on the 1st floor. Pet fees apply.

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Physical fitness is a general state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper nutrition,[1] moderate-vigorous physical exercise,[2] and sufficient rest.[3]

Before the industrial revolution, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the days activities without undue fatigue. However, with automation and changes in lifestyles physical fitness is now considered a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist hypokinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations.[4]

Fitness is defined[5] as the quality or state of being fit. Around 1950, perhaps consistent with the Industrial Revolution and the treatise of World War II, the term "fitness" increased in western vernacular by a factor of ten.[6] Modern definition of fitness describe either a person or machine's ability to perform a specific function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. This has led to an interrelation of human fitness and attractiveness which has mobilized global fitness and fitness equipment industries. Regarding specific function, fitness is attributed to person who possess significant aerobic or anaerobic ability, i.e. strength or endurance. A holistic definition of fitness is described by Greg Glassman in the CrossFit journal as an increased work capacity across broad times and modal domains; mastery of several attributes of fitness including strength, endurance, power, speed, balance and coordination and being able to improve the amount of work done in a given time with any of these domains.[7] A well rounded fitness program will improve a person in all aspects of fitness, rather than one, such as only cardio/respiratory endurance or only weight training.

A comprehensive fitness program tailored to an individual typically focuses on one or more specific skills,[8] and on age-[9] or health-related needs such as bone health.[10] Many sources[11] also cite mental, social and emotional health as an important part of overall fitness. This is often presented in textbooks as a triangle made up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many chronic health conditions brought on by unhealthy lifestyle or aging.[12] Working out can also help some people sleep better and possibly alleviate some mood disorders in certain individuals.[13]

Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as myokines which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.[14]

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans was created by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. This publication suggests that all adults should avoid inactivity to promote good health mentally and physically. For substantial health benefits, adults should participate in at least 150 minutes (two hours and 30 minutes) a week of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity. Aerobic activity should be performed in episodes of at least 10 minutes, and preferably, it should be spread throughout the week. For additional and more extensive health benefits, adults should increase their aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity, or 150 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Additional health benefits are gained by engaging in physical activity beyond this amount. Adults should also do muscle-strengthening activities that are moderate or high intensity and involve all major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.[15]

Specific or task-oriented fitness is a person's ability to perform in a specific activity with a reasonable efficiency: for example, sports or military service. Specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sports.

Examples are:

In order for physical fitness to benefit the health of an individual, an unknown response in the person called a stimulus will be triggered by the exertion. When exercise is performed with the correct amount of intensity, duration and frequency, a significant amount of improvement can occur. The person may overall feel better but the physical effects on the human body take weeks or months to notice and possibly years for full development. For training purposes, exercise must provide a stress or demand on either a function or tissue. To continue improvements, this demand must eventually increase little over an extended period of time. This sort of exercise training has three basic principles: overload, specificity, and progression. These principles are related to health but also enhancement of physical working capacity.[22]

High Intensity Interval Training consists of repeated, short bursts of exercise, completed at a high level of intensity. These sets of intense activity are followed by a predetermined time of rest or low intensity activity.[23] Studies have shown that exercising at a higher intensity has increased cardiac benefits for humans, compared to when exercising at a low or moderate level.[24] When your workout consists of an HIIT session, your body has to work harder to replace the oxygen it lost. Research into the benefits of HIIT have revealed that it can be very successful for reducing fat, especially around the abdominal region. Furthermore, when compared to continuous moderate exercise, HIIT proves to burn more calories and increase the amount of fat burned post- HIIT session.[25] Lack of time is one of the main reasons stated for not exercising; HIIT is a great alternative for those people because the duration of an HIIT session can be as short as 10 minutes, making it much quicker than conventional workouts.[26]

Cardiorespiratory fitness can be measured using VO2 max, a measure of the amount of oxygen the body can uptake and utilize.[27][28] Aerobic exercise, which improves cardiorespiratory fitness, involves movement that increases the heart rate to improve the body's oxygen consumption. This form of exercise is an important part of all training regiments ranging from professional athletes to the everyday person. Also, it helps increase stamina.

Examples are:

Physical fitness has proven to result in positive effects on the body's blood pressure because staying active and exercising regularly builds up a stronger heart. The heart is the main organ in charge of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Engaging in a physical activity will create a rise in blood pressure, once the activity is stopped, however, the individuals blood pressure will return to normal. The more physical activity that one engages in, the easier this process becomes, resulting in a more fit individual.[30] Through regular physical fitness, the heart does not have to work as hard to create a rise in blood pressure, which lowers the force on the arteries, and lowers the over all blood pressure.[31]

Centers for disease control and prevention provide lifestyle guidelines of maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in physical activity to reduce the risk of disease. The WCRF/ American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) published a list of recommendations that reflect the evidence they have found through consistency in fitness and dietary factors that directly relate to Cancer prevention.

The WCRF/AICR recommendations include the following:

These recommendations are also widely supported by the American Cancer Society. The guidelines have been evaluated and individuals that have higher guideline adherence scores substantially reduce cancer risk as well as help towards control with a multitude of chronic health problems. Regular physical activity is a factor that helps reduce an individuals blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels, two key components that correlate with heart disease and Type 2 Diabetes.[33] The American Cancer Society encourages the public to "adopt a physically active lifestyle" by meeting the criteria in a variety of physical activities such as hiking, swimming, circuit training, resistance raining, lifting, etc. It is understood that cancer is not a disease that can be cured by physical fitness alone, however because it is a multifactorial disease, physical fitness is a controllable prevention. The large associations tied with being physically fit and reduced cancer risk are enough to provide a strategy to reduce cancer risk.[32] The American Cancer Society assorts different levels of activity ranging from moderate to vigorous to clarify the recommended time spent on a physical activity. These classifications of physical activity consider the intentional exercise and basic activities done on a daily basis and give the public a greater understanding by what fitness levels suffice as future disease prevention.

Studies have shown an association between increased physical activity and reduced inflammation.[34] It produces both a short-term inflammatory response and a long-term anti-inflammatory effect.[35] Physical activity reduces inflammation in conjunction with or independent of changes in body weight.[36] However, the mechanisms linking physical activity to inflammation are unknown.

Physical activity boosts the immune system. This is dependent on the concentration of endogenous factors (such as sex hormones, metabolic hormones and growth hormones), body temperature, blood flow, hydration status and body position.[37] Physical activity has shown to increase the levels of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, complements, cytokines, antibodies and T cytotoxic cells.[38][39] However, the mechanism linking physical activity to immune system is not fully understood.

Physical activity affects ones blood pressure, cholesterol levels, blood lipid levels, blood clotting factors and the strength of blood vessels. All factors that directly correlate to cardiovascular disease. It also improves the bodys use of insulin. People who are at risk for diabetes, Type 2 (insulin resistant) especially, benefit greatly from physical activity because it activates a better usage of insulin and protects the heart. Those who develop diabetes have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In a study where a sample of around ten thousand adults from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, physical activity and metabolic risk factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidemia were assessed. The study adjusted basic confounders with moderate/vigorous physical activity and the relation with CVD mortality. The results displayed physical activity being associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality that was independent of traditional metabolic risk factors.

The American Heart Association recommendations include the same findings as provided in the WCRF/ AICR recommendations list for people who are healthy. In regards to people with lower blood pressure or cholesterol, the association recommends that these individuals aim for around forty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity around three or four times a week.[40]

Achieving resilience through physical fitness promotes a vast and complex range of health related benefits. Individuals who keep up physical fitness levels generally regulate their distribution of body fat and stay away from obesity. Abdominal fat, specifically visceral fat, is most directly affected by engaging in aerobic exercise. Strength training has been known to increase the amount of muscle in the body, however it can also reduce body fat.[41] Sex steroid hormones, insulin, and an appropriate immune response are factors that mediate metabolism in relation to the abdominal fat. Therefore, physical fitness provides weight control through regulation of these bodily functions.[42]

Menopause is the term that is used to refer to the stretch of both before and after a woman's last menstrual cycle. There are an instrumental amount of symptoms connected to menopause, most of which can affect the quality of life of the women involved in this stage of her life. One way to reduce the severity of the symptoms is exercise and keeping a healthy level of fitness. Prior to and during menopause as the female body changes there can be physical, physiological or internal changes to the body. These changes can be prevented or even reduced with the use of regular exercise. These changes include;[43]

The Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project provided evidence that showed over an eight-year time period 438 were followed. Even though the physical activity was not associated with VMS in this cohort at the beginning. Women who reported they were physically active everyday at the beginning were 49% less likely to have reported bothersome hot flushes. This is in contrast to women whose level of activity decreased and were more likely to experience bothersome hot flushes.[45]

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Whether you're training for a marathon or just playing a game of football with the family, fitness equipment can help everyone stay active while having fun. Sears has sporting goods that appeal to athletes of all ages. Kids will have a blast with wheeled sports equipment like bikes and skateboards, and adults can enjoy assembling a home gym with ease.

Instead of dealing with long commutes to the gym and membership fees, add some fitness equipment to your home. High-tech cardio equipment, such as treadmillsand elliptical machines, will get your heart pumping. If you want to work on core strength, develop your muscles on a new weight bench or with a versatile kettlebells. When you're looking for activities the whole family can enjoy together, try recreation games. Sears carries a wide variety of sporting goods, ranging from footballs to basketballs, everyone can work up a sweat during the course of a pick-up game.

When heading outdoors for an adventure, pack sports equipment in your gym bagto make the journey more exciting. Choose from various boating or scuba gear to explore the waters during a beach vacation. If you're headed to a snowy resort, a set of skis or different types of snowboards can help make the most of a scenic winter wonderland. Challenge your mind and body with new fitness equipment and sporting goods from Sears.

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Fitness and exercise equipment can help both beginners and experts progress through their fitness journey. Rather than packing a bag and driving to the gym, you can stay home and work up a sweat with fitness equipment from Sears. In addition to cardio and strength machines, explore accessories like sturdy gym flooring mats and instructional DVDs. Monitor your routine with a high-tech fitness tracker. Enjoy fitness from home with exercise equipment.

Quality cardio, strength and exercise tools can turn any room into an instant gym. Add a treadmill or elliptical to get the blood pumping. Use the adjustable settings to vary the intensity of any workout. Use a set of dumbbells, barbells or kettlebells to work towards your strength-training goals. For a low-impact alternative, try a yoga kit with blocks and straps. Check your fitness tracker and watch to keep track of your heart rate while challenging your body.

Athletes can work towards unique fitness goals using specialized fitness tools. Pick up some punching bags and MMA gloves to prepare for the next match. The high-quality materials can withstand strike after strike. If you are training for team sports, use agility training gear and resistance tools to prepare for your time on the field. Sears even has stretching aids, like foam rollers and inversion tables, to help the muscles relax after a hard training session. Give every workout your best effort with fitness and exercise tools.

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Your weight is a balancing act, and calories are part of that equation. Weight loss comes down to burning more calories than you take in. You can do that by reducing extra calories from food and beverages, and increasing calories burned through physical activity.

While that seems simple, it can be challenging to implement a practical, effective and sustainable weight-loss plan.

But you don't have to do it alone. Talk to your doctor, family and friends for support. Ask yourself if now is a good time and if you're ready to make some necessary changes. Also, plan smart: Anticipate how you'll handle situations that challenge your resolve and the inevitable minor setbacks.

If you have serious health problems because of your weight, your doctor may suggest weight-loss surgery or medications for you. In this case, your doctor will discuss the potential benefits and the possible risks with you.

But don't forget the bottom line: The key to successful weight loss is a commitment to making changes in your diet and exercise habits.

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I am a RN and let's just start by saying you would probably never take Tylenol or any pain reliever if you read the label.All medication has the potential for side effects.Medication, if you choose to go that route, is there to relieve your symptoms, and sometimes cure disease.There are many good drugs out there.And Kudos to you for doing your homework.If you suffer from migraine, I hear Topamax is a great product for relief.It does not come without side-effects, but keep in mind, most medications have them.Know your body, talk to your doctor, and follow ALL of his/her directions to the letter.Topamax is prescribed off label for Binge Eating Disorder.This helps control the number of times per day a binge eater "binges" and also helps with weight loss.Keep in mind, not all binge eaters are over weight or obese however.BED is a psychiatric disorder, much like bulimia and anorexia, except there is no purging or laxative use.If you think you may have an eating disorder, please, please, please see your provider or someone who specializes in eating disorders.So no judgement on the use of medication for weight loss.Sometimes people need help to get the weight off and relieve their hips and other joints.The dosage of Topamax for weight loss is much lower (25 mg x2 per day I do believe), and should only be used for a short period of time.Pills are not a magic bullet for weight loss.Some of us have brain chemistry issues contributing to our weight, and may need pharmacological help, but we also need healthy nutrition, exercise, and maybe even counseling.We have to fix our mind and understand why we over eat.We can't control our genes per se, but we can control our environment.My point is, don't be afraid of medication for whatever it is you are afflicted by.We don't have to suffer.Whether it's depression, migraines, obesity, restless legs, etc.But do your homework.Know your body.Pay attention.Listen to your doctor.Understand their may be repercussions (what percentage of patient in studies actually lost hair, did it come back when discontinuing the medication, and are you willing to lose hair if it happens to you to achieve your goal...no more migraines, lose weight, etc.?).Topamax has been on the market a long time.It's a safe product.You have to do your home work and follow directions.

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Milk & Milk Products Measure Calories Kilojoules Full-fat milk 1 cup 150 630 Low fat milk (1%) 1 cup 102 428.4 Cows milk 1 cup 157 659.4 Goat milk 1 cup 264 1108.8 Sweetened Condensed Milk from can 28 g 123 516.6 Full cream milk powder Half a cup 635 2667 Skim milk powder Half a cup 435 1827 Full-fat chocolate milk 1 cup 208 873.6 Strawberry Milk 1 cup 244 1024.8 Cheddar cheese slices Slice, 28 gm 114 478.8 Feta cheese 28 g 75 315 Finuta cheese 25 g 110 462 Gouda cheese 28 g 101 424.2 Mozzarella cheese 28 g 80 336 Kraft Cheese blocks 28 g 80 336 Edam cheese 28 g 98 411.6 Blue cheese 28 g 104 436.8 Mascarpone cheese 28 g 128 537.6 Ricotta cheese Half a cup 216 907.2 Ricotta cheese low fat Half a cup 171 718.2 Parmesan cheese 28 g 130 546 Camembert cheese 28 g 86 361.2 Cottage cheese 100 g 99 415.8 Halloumi cheese 100 g 363 1524.6 Cream focused 1 spoon 52 218.4 Cream Medium 1 spoon 37 155.4 Greek yogurt full-fat 1 spoon 141 592.2 Greek yogurt low fat 1 spoon 114 478.8 Ice Cream Clabber 1 cup 99 415.8 Vanilla ice cream 10% fat Half a cup 135 567 Vanilla 1 ball 240 1008 Cocoa 1 ball 280 1176 Strawberries 1 ball 220 924 Drinks & Juices Apple juice Half a cup 60 252 Apricot juice, canned Half a cup 72 302.4 Grape juice, canned Half a cup 78 327.6 Lemon juice canned Spoon to eat 3 12.6 Fresh orange juice Half a cup 59 247.8 Canned orange juice Half a cup 52 218.4 Grapefruit juice, canned local Half a cup 58 243.6 Grapefruit juice, unsweetened Half a cup 47 197.4 Canned peach juice Half a cup 67 281.4 Canned pear juice Half a cup 75 315 Canned pineapple juice Half a cup 70 294 Canned tomato juice Half a cup 21 88.2 Canned juice Islands Half a cup 49 205.8 Guava juice One cup 175 735 Mango juice One cup 110 462 Hot Drinks Nescafe coffee without sugar Teaspoon 5 21 Instant coffee without caffeine Teaspoon 5 21 Tea without sugar One cup 1 4.2 Soft Drinks Pepsi-Cola 240 ml cup 100 420 Diet Pepsi-Cola 240 ml cup 0 0 Seven Up 240 ml cup 90 378 Sprite 240 ml cup 96 403.2 Fanta 240 ml cup 119 499.8 Coca-Cola 240 ml cup 97 407.4 Diet Coca-Cola 240 ml cup 1 4.2 Cream soda 240 ml cup 126 529.2 Drink grape gas 240 ml cup 107 449.4 Luncheon Meat Beef Approx. 42 g 142 596.4 Pastrami turkey 28 g 40 168 Pepperoni beef 28 g 141 592.2 Salami turkey 28 g 56 235.2 Salami beef 28 g 72 302.4 Turkey 28 g 57 239.4 Beef 28 g 88 369.6 Chicken meat 42 g 116 487.2 Eggs Egg whites, (fresh or iced) One, big 17 71.4 Fresh egg yolk One, big 59 247.8 Full cook boiled eggs One, big 79 331.8 Fried eggs One, big 91 382.2 Omelet One, big 92 386.4 Omelet with cheese and vegetables 113 g 252 1058.4 Duck eggs One, big 130 546 Goose eggs One, big 267 1121.4 Turkey eggs One, big 135 567 Quail eggs One, big 14 58.8 Nuts & Legumes Nuts Half a cup, 60 g 380 1596 Almonds, dry Quarter a cup 209 877.8 Cashew, roasted, dry 28 g 160 672 Cashew, roasted, oily 28 g 165 693 Nuts, roasted, dry 28 g 170 714 Hazelnut, roasted, oily 28 g 176 739.2 Lentils, whole, green Half a cup 215 903 Lentils, cooked One cup 210 882 Oils & Fats Margarine 1 Tablespoon 105 441 Olive oil 1 Tablespoon 120 504 Sunflower oil 1 Tablespoon 120 504 Sheep fat 1 Tablespoon 114 478.8 Vegetable oil 1 Tablespoon 126 529.2 Beef fat 1 Tablespoon 125 525 Butter 1 Tablespoon 36 151.2 Corn oil 1 Tablespoon 120 504 Fresh Fruits Apples Medium, 140 g 81 340.2 Apricot Medium, 30 g 17 71.4 Banana Medium, 100 g 105 441 Fig One, 40 g 37 155.4 Grapefruit Half 38 159.6 Cherries 10 beads 49 205.8 Avocado Half 162 680.4 Grapes Half a cup 53 222.6 Guava One, 85 g 45 189 Kiwi One, 76 g 46 193.2 Mango Half, 85 g 68 285.6 Orange One, 110 g 62 260.4 Papaya Medium 117 491.4 Peach One, 85 g 37 155.4 Pear Medium, 170 g 98 411.6 Pineapple Slice, 82 g 42 176.4 Plum One, 60 g 36 151.2 Pomegranate Medium, 150 g 110 462 Nectarine Medium, 142 g 67 281.4 Watermelon Piece, 100 g 26 109.2 Melon Piece, 100 g 33 138.6 Strawberries Half a cup 23 96.6 Tangerine One, 85 g 37 155.4 Blueberry One cup 122 512.4 Ripe dates 10 beads 150 630 Plum 100 g 52 218.4 Lemon One, 60 g 17 71.4 Sweet Lemon Fruit size 53 222.6 Black berry One cup 117 491.4 Quince Medium 60 252 Tamarind Half a cup 82 344.4 Canned Fruits Canned apricots (with sugar syrup) Half a cup 111 466.2 Fruit salad (with sugar syrup) Half a cup 94 394.8 Canned cherry (with thick sugar syrup) Half a cup 107 449.4 Canned peaches (with sugar syrup) Half a cup 95 399 Canned pear with (with sugar syrup) Half a cup 94 394.8 Canned pineapple (with sugar syrup) Half a cup 100 420 Dried Fruits Dried dates One 26 109.2 Dried figs 100 g 288 1209.6 Raisins Half a cup 109 457.8 Dried plum Half a cup 113 474.6 Dried Apricots Half a cup 169 709.8 Spices Cardamom 1 teaspoon 7 29.4 Dried hot red pepper 3 teaspoons 13 54.6 Cinnamon 1 teaspoon 7 29.4 Cloves 1 teaspoon 6 25.2 Latency 1 teaspoon 6 25.2 Ginger powder 1 teaspoon 1 4.2 Ginger root One, medium 20 84 Nutmeg powder 1 teaspoon 9 37.8 Black pepper 1 teaspoon 8 33.6 Red Meat Lamb shoulder, cooked with fat 63 g 220 924 Lamb shoulder, cooked without fat 48 g 135 567 Lamb thigh, roasted with fat 85 g 205 861 Lamb thigh, roasted without fat 73 g 140 588 Lamb rib, grilled without fat 85 g 200 840 Lamb rib, grilled with fat 85 g 307 1289.4 Beef, chest, cooked 85 g 189 793.8 Beef shoulder, without fat 85 g 183 768.6 Beef, minced and cooked 85 g 245 1029 Beef steak without fat 85 g 174 730.8 Sosaties 85 g 226 949.2 Slices without fat 85 g 182 764.4 Cow heart, cooked 85 g 148 621.6 Cow kidney, cooked 85 g 122 512.4 Cow tongue, cooked 85 g 241 1012.2 Vegetables Carrot Medium, 60 g 31 130.2 Carrot, cooked Half a cup 35 147 Cauliflower, cooked Half a cup 15 63 Cauliflower, uncooked Half a cup 12 50.4 Cucumbers, chopped Half a cup 7 29.4 Fried eggplant Half a cup 100 420 Eggplant, cooked Half a cup 13 54.6 Green beans, cooked Half a cup 20 84 Green beans, canned Half a cup 25 105 Cabbage, cooked Half a cup 16 67.2 Cabbage, uncooked Half a cup 8 33.6 Celery Half a cup 10 42 Corn One, medium 77 323.4 Mushrooms, fresh Half a cup 9 37.8 Mushroom, canned Half a cup 19 79.8 Lettuce Half a cup 4 16.8 Mixed vegetables (variety cooked) Half a cup 54 226.8 Okra, cooked and chopped Half a cup 25 105 Fresh onions, chopped Half a cup 27 113.4 Green onions, chopped Half a cup 16 67.2 Green peas, cooked Half a cup 67 281.4 Peppers, chopped Half a cup 12 50.4 Hot pepper One, 30 g 18 75.6 Baked potato, with the peel 195 g 220 924 Baked potato, without the peel 195 g 162 680.4 Fried potato 10 pieces, 42 g 158 663.6 Shalgam kale, boiled Half a cup 14 58.8 Watercress Half a cup 2 8.4 Squash Half a cup 41 172.2 Red radish 10 grains, 40 g 7 29.4 Red radish, leaves 10 leaves, medium 9 37.8 Chopped spinach Half a cup 6 25.2 Zucchini, chopped and cooked Half a cup 18 75.6 Sweet potatoes, mashed Half a cup 111 466.2 Red tomatoes One, medium 26 109.2 Green beans One cup 73 306.6 Beet One cup 46 193.2 Cabbage One cup 73 306.6 Leek 1 Spoon, minced 1 4.2 Coriander 1 package 97 407.4 Fenugreek, leaves 1 package 25 105 Garlic 5 pieces of garlic peeled 7 29.4 Grape leaves 1 cup 146 613.2 Mint Package, medium 84 352.8 Black olives 10 grains, medium 95 399 Green olives 10 grains, medium 66 277.2 Parsley 1 cup, minced 34 142.8 Parsley Package, medium 25 105 White radishes Package, medium 58 243.6 Spinach 1 Cup, chopped 14 58.8 Zucchini 1 cup, chopped 31 130.2 Zucchini One, medium 40 168 Basil 100 g 50 210 Legume 100 g 32 134.4 Sugar-cane 20 g 82 344.4 Grains Bread, cereals 100 g 17 71.4 Whole wheat bread One, 50 g 130 546 Cake 50 g 150 630 Pasta with sauce Small, 130 g 190 798 Corn flakes Cup, 25 g 95 399 French bread Quarter of a loaf, 115 g 333 1398.6 Plain biscuits 4 pieces, 55 g 178 747.6 White rice, cooked (tastic) Half a cup 131 550.2 Brown toast A slice 61 256.2 Plain white toast A slice 64 268.8 Spaghetti, cooked or pasta Half a cup 99 415.8 Spaghetti, cooked with minced meat and tomato Half a cup 110 462 Lasagna with meat sauce Half a cup 154 646.8 Barley One cup 672 2822.4 Pasta One cup 344 1444.8 Cornstarch One cup 471 1978.2 Rice, uncooked One cup 675 2835 Rice powder One cup 354 1486.8 Wheat One cup 485 2037 Meat & Chicken Chicken leg (hip), without skin, grilled 85 g 167 701.4 Chicken leg (hip), with skin, grilled 85 g 223 936.6 Chicken breast, without skin, grilled Half a breast 142 596.4 Chicken breast, with skin, grilled Half a breast 193 810.6 Chicken breast, without skin, fried Half a breast 161 676.2 Chicken wings, with skin, grilled 35.5 g 99 415.8 Chicken pieces, vacuum, fried 104 g 290 1218 Chicken gizzards, fried 85 g 238 999.6 Chicken livers, cooked 85 g 135 567 Duck meat, without skin, roasted 85 g 173 726.6 Red dark meat, without skin 85 g 161 676.2 Red dark meat, with skin 85 g 190 798 Red light meat, meat without skin 85 g 135 567 Red light meat, meat with skin 85 g 169 709.8 Fish and Shellfish Sardines, canned in oil 28 g 58 243.6 Anchovies, canned in oil 21 g 42 176.4 Tuna, canned in water 85 g 104 436.8 Tuna, canned in oil 85 g 169 709.8 Smoked salmon 85 g 99 415.8 Grilled Fish 85 g 136 571.2 Fish fried with rusk 85 g 228 957.6 Shrimp fried with rusk 85 g 206 865.2 Crab, canned 85 g 84 352.8 Shrimp, cooked 85 g 83 348.6 Oyster, uncooked 28 g 23 96.6 Oysters, fried 28 g 46 193.2 Oysters, fried with rusk 85 g 84 352.8 Caviar, black or red 1 tablespoon 40 168 Legumes Beans, boiled One cup 187 785.4 Dry beans Half a cup 349 1465.8 Beans Half a cup 37 155.4 Chickpeas, boiled One cup 269 1129.8 Flour Half a cup 339 1423.8 Lentil 28 g 192 806.4 Nuts mixed with roasted and dry peanuts 28 g 170 714 Mixed nuts roasted in oil 28 g 175 735 Sunflower seeds, roasted and dry 28 g 170 714 Sunflower seed, roasted in oil Half a cup 175 735 Pistachios, dry and roasted 28 g 357 1499.4 Peanuts, dry and roasted 28 g 165 693 Peanuts, roasted in oil 1 tablespoon 170 714 Peanut butter 28 g 95 399 Roasted chestnut 28 g 44 184.8 Coconut 28 g 100 420 Grated coconut 28 g 59 247.8 Roasted pumpkin seeds 28 g 127 533.4 Dried watermelon seeds 28 g 158 663.6 Circuit pills 28 g 102.2 429.24 Sesame 28 g 174.16 731.472 Pine 1 cup 172.7 725.34

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Does changing your bodys pH levels through diet have any benefits? Read WebMD's Alkaline Diet review to find out.

WebMD evaluates the Dr. Andrew Weil diet, starting with a basic overview.

Is a diet that allows you to eat things like bacon, cream cheese and steak too good to be true? Get the lowdown on one of the nations most talked-about weight-loss plans.

Does Bob Greenes Best Life Diet work? Read this WebMD diet review to learn about what you can eat on this plan and how effective it is.

Read WebMD's review of the Body for Life diet and exercise program to find out if its right for you.

Read WebMD's review of The Brown Fat Revolution to find out if this diet is for you.

If eating cookies sounds like your kind of diet, read this WebMD review to find out if a cookie diet is right for you.

WebMD evaluates the Dr. Dean Ornish diet philosophy outlined in "The Spectrum: A Scientifically Proven Program to Feel Better, Live Longer, Lose Weight, and Gain Health."

WebMD discusses the effectiveness of Dr. Kushner's Personality Type Diet and explains what to expect.

Does the diet plan formulated by Doctor Oz work? Find out in WebMD's Ultimate Diet review.

WebMD reviews the pros and cons of Dr. Phil's diet, which emphasizes emotions and thought patterns as much as food groups.

"Eat This, Not That" encourages eating a better food than the one you were planning on. Find out from WebMD whether this diet program works.

WebMD discusses pros and cons of following the Eat to Live diet plan by Joel Fuhrman.

Find out with this WebMD diet review if Eat What You Love, Love What You Eat is a weight loss plan that will work for you.

Get the scoop on the French Women Dont Get Fat diet. Does it work? What can you eat?

Have a reunion coming up and need to lose weight fast? Find out from WebMD whether the High School Reunion Diet is right for you.

The two-day-a-week diet: How intermittent fasting can help you lose weight and boost your health.

WebMD reviews the pros and cons of the Jenny Craig diet plan.

Could a low-carbohydrate diet work for you? Read WebMD's overview of the low-carb lifestyle.

The Marthas Vineyard Detox Diet promises rapid weight loss: 21 pounds in 21 days. Read WebMD's review here.

Is the Macrobiotic Diet an effective weight loss plan? Find out in this diet review.

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Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption, often for the treatment of obesity or diabetes. Foods high in easily digestible carbohydrates (e.g., sugar, bread, pasta) are limited or replaced with foods containing a higher percentage of fats and moderate protein (e.g., meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, cheese, nuts, and seeds) and other foods low in carbohydrates (e.g., most salad vegetables such as spinach, kale, chard and collards), although other vegetables and fruits (especially berries) are often allowed. The amount of carbohydrate allowed varies with different low-carbohydrate diets.

Such diets are sometimes 'ketogenic' (i.e., they restrict carbohydrate intake sufficiently to cause ketosis). The induction phase of the Atkins diet[1][2][3] is ketogenic.

The term "low-carbohydrate diet" is generally applied to diets that restrict carbohydrates to less than 20% of caloric intake, but can also refer to diets that simply restrict or limit carbohydrates to less than recommended proportions (generally less than 45% of total energy coming from carbohydrates).[4][5]

Low-carbohydrate diets are used to treat or prevent some chronic diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, auto-brewery syndrome, high blood pressure, and diabetes.[6][7]

Gary Taubes has argued that low-carbohydrate diets are closer to the ancestral diet of humans before the origin of agriculture, and humans are genetically adapted to diets low in carbohydrate.[8] Direct archaeological or fossil evidence on nutrition during the Paleolithic, when all humans subsisted by hunting and gathering, is limited, but suggests humans evolved from the vegetarian diets common to other great apes to one with a greater level of meat-eating.[9] Some close relatives of modern Homo sapiens, such as the Neanderthals, appear to have been almost exclusively carnivorous.[10]

A more detailed picture of early human diets before the origin of agriculture may be obtained by analogy to contemporary hunter-gatherers. According to one survey of these societies, a relatively low carbohydrate (2240% of total energy), animal food-centered diet is preferred "whenever and wherever it [is] ecologically possible", and where plant foods do predominate, carbohydrate consumption remains low because wild plants are much lower in carbohydrate and higher in fiber than modern domesticated crops.[11] Primatologist Katherine Milton, however, has argued that the survey data on which this conclusion is based inflate the animal content of typical hunter-gatherer diets; much of it was based on early ethnography, which may have overlooked the role of women in gathering plant foods.[12] She has also highlighted the diversity of both ancestral and contemporary foraging diets, arguing no evidence indicates humans are especially adapted to a single paleolithic diet over and above the vegetarian diets characteristic of the last 30 million years of primate evolution.[13]

The origin of agriculture brought about a rise in carbohydrate levels in human diets.[14] The industrial age has seen a particularly steep rise in refined carbohydrate levels in Western societies, as well as urban societies in Asian countries, such as India, China, and Japan.

In 1797, John Rollo reported on the results of treating two diabetic Army officers with a low-carbohydrate diet and medications. A very low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet was the standard treatment for diabetes throughout the 19th century.[15][16]

In 1863, William Banting, a formerly obese English undertaker and coffin maker, published "Letter on Corpulence Addressed to the Public", in which he described a diet for weight control giving up bread, butter, milk, sugar, beer, and potatoes.[17] His booklet was widely read, so much so that some people used the term "Banting" for the activity usually called "dieting".[18]

In 1888, James Salisbury introduced the Salisbury steak as part of his high-meat diet, which limited vegetables, fruit, starches, and fats to one-third of the diet.[original research?]

In the early 1900s Frederick Madison Allen developed a highly restrictive short term regime which was described by Walter R. Steiner at the 1916 annual convention of the Connecticut State Medical Society as The Starvation Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.[19]:176177[20][21][22] People showing very high urine glucose levels were confined to bed and restricted to an unlimited supply of water, coffee, tea, and clear meat broth until their urine was "sugar free"; this took two to four days but sometimes up to eight.[19]:177 After the person's urine was sugar-free food was re-introduced; first only vegetables with less than 5g of carbohydate per day, eventually adding fruits and grains to build up to 3g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight. Then eggs and meat were added, building up to 1g of protein/kg of body weight per day, then fat was added to the point where the person stopped losing weight or a maximum of 40 calories of fat per kilogram per day was reached. The process was halted if sugar appeared in the person's urine.[19]:177178 This diet was often administered in a hospital in order to better ensure compliance and safety.[19]:179

In 1958, Richard Mackarness M.D. published Eat Fat and Grow Slim, a low-carbohydrate diet with much of the same advice and based on the same theories as those promulgated by Robert Atkins more than a decade later. Mackarness also challenged the "calorie theory" and referenced primitive diets such as the Inuit as examples of healthy diets with a low-carbohydrate and high-fat composition.

In 1967, Irwin Stillman published The Doctor's Quick Weight Loss Diet. The "Stillman diet" is a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diet. It is regarded as one of the first low-carbohydrate diets to become popular in the United States.[23] Other low-carbohydrate diets in the 1960s included the Air Force diet[24] and the drinking man's diet.[25]Austrian physician Wolfgang Lutz published his book Leben Ohne Brot (Life Without Bread) in 1967.[26] However, it was not well known in the English-speaking world.

In 1972, Robert Atkins published Dr. Atkins Diet Revolution, which advocated the low-carbohydrate diet he had successfully used in treating patients in the 1960s (having developed the diet from a 1963 article published in JAMA).[27] The book met with some success, but, because of research at that time suggesting risk factors associated with excess fat and protein, it was widely criticized by the mainstream medical community as being dangerous and misleading, thereby limiting its appeal at the time.[28] Among other things, critics pointed out that Atkins had done little real research into his theories and based them mostly on his clinical work. Later that decade, Walter Voegtlin and Herman Tarnower published books advocating the Paleolithic diet and Scarsdale diet, respectively, each meeting with moderate success.[29][not in citation given]

The concept of the glycemic index was developed in 1981 by David Jenkins to account for variances in speed of digestion of different types of carbohydrates. This concept classifies foods according to the rapidity of their effect on blood sugar levels with fast-digesting simple carbohydrates causing a sharper increase and slower-digesting complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, a slower one.[30] The concept has been extended to include the amount of carbohydrate actually absorbed, as well, as a tablespoonful of cooked carrots is less significant overall than a large baked potato (effectively pure starch, which is efficiently absorbed as glucose), despite differences in glycemic indices.

In the 1990s, Atkins published an update from his 1972 book, Dr. Atkins New Diet Revolution, and other doctors began to publish books based on the same principles. This has been said to be the beginning of what the mass media call the "low carb craze" in the United States.[31] During the late 1990s and early 2000s, low-carbohydrate diets became some of the most popular diets in the US. By some accounts, up to 18% of the population was using one type of low-carbohydrate diet or another at the peak of their popularity,[32] and this use spread to many countries.[citation needed]Food manufacturers and restaurant chains like Krispy Kreme noted the trend, as it affected their businesses.[33] Parts of the mainstream medical community has denounced low-carbohydrate diets as being dangerous to health, such as the AHA in 2001,[34] the American Kidney Fund in 2002,[35] Low-carbohydrate advocates did some adjustments of their own, increasingly advocating controlling fat and eliminating trans fat.[36][37]

Proponents who appeared with new diet guides at that time like the Zone diet intentionally distanced themselves from Atkins and the term 'low carb' because of the controversies, though their recommendations were based on largely the same principles .[38][39] It can be controversial which diets are low-carbohydrate and which are not.[citation needed] The 1990s and 2000s saw the publication of an increased number of clinical studies regarding the effectiveness and safety (pro and con) of low-carbohydrate diets (see low-carbohydrate diet medical research).

In the United States, the diet has continued to garner attention in the medical and nutritional science communities, and also inspired a number of hybrid diets that include traditional calorie-counting and exercise regimens.[7][40][41][42] Other low-carb diets, such as the Paleo Diet, focus on the removal of certain foods from the diet, such as sugar and grain.[43] On September 2, 2014 a small randomized trial by the NIH of 148 men and women comparing a low-carbohydrate diet with a low fat diet without calorie restrictions over one year showed that participants in the low-carbohydrate diet had greater weight loss than those on the low-fat diet.[44] The low-fat group lost weight, but appeared to lose more muscle than fat.[45]

No consensus definition exists of what precisely constitutes a low-carbohydrate diet.[46] Medical researchers and diet advocates may define different levels of carbohydrate intake when specifying low-carbohydrate diets.[46][not in citation given]

The American Academy of Family Physicians defines low-carbohydrate diets as diets that restrict carbohydrate intake to 20 to 60 grams per day, typically less than 20% of caloric intake.[47]

The body of research underpinning low-carbohydrate diets has grown significantly in the decades of the 1990s and 2000s.[48][49] Most research centers on the relationship between carbohydrate intake and blood sugar levels (i.e., blood glucose), as well as the two primary hormones produced in the pancreas, that regulate the blood sugar level, insulin, which lowers it, and glucagon, which raises it.[50]

Low-carbohydrate diets in general recommend reducing nutritive carbohydrates, commonly referred to as "net carbs", i.e., grams of total carbohydrates reduced by the non-nutritive carbohydrates[51][52] to very low levels. This means sharply reducing consumption of desserts, breads, pastas, potatoes, rice, and other sweet or starchy foods. Some recommend levels less than 20g of "net carbs" per day, at least in the early stages of dieting[53] (for comparison, a single slice of white bread typically contains 15g of carbohydrate, almost entirely starch). By contrast, the U.S. Institute of Medicine recommends a minimum intake of 130g of carbohydrate per day.[54] The FAO and WHO similarly recommend that the majority of dietary energy come from carbohydrates.[55][56]

Although low-carbohydrate diets are most commonly discussed as a weight-loss approach, some experts have proposed using low-carbohydrate diets to mitigate or prevent diseases, including diabetes, metabolic disease, and epilepsy.[57][58] Some low-carbohydrate proponents and others argue that the rise in carbohydrate consumption, especially refined carbohydrates, caused the epidemic levels of many diseases in modern society, including metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes.[59][60][61][62]

A category of diets is known as low-glycemic-index diets (low-GI diets) or low-glycemic-load diets (low-GL diets), in particular the Low GI Diet.[63] In reality, low-carbohydrate diets can also be low-GL diets (and vice versa) depending on the carbohydrates in a particular diet. In practice, though, "low-GI"/"low-GL" diets differ from "low-carb" diets in the following ways: First, low-carbohydrate diets treat all nutritive carbohydrates as having the same effect on metabolism, and generally assume their effect is predictable. Low-GI/low-GL diets are based on the measured change in blood glucose levels in various carbohydrates these vary markedly in laboratory studies. The differences are due to poorly understood digestive differences between foods. However, as foods influence digestion in complex ways (e.g., both protein and fat delay absorption of glucose from carbohydrates eaten at the same time) it is difficult to even approximate the glycemic effect (e.g., over time or even in total in some cases) of a particular meal.[64]

The low-insulin-index diet, is similar, except it is based on measurements of direct insulemic responses i.e., the amount of insulin in the bloodstream to food rather than glycemic response the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. Although such diet recommendations mostly involve lowering nutritive carbohydrates, some low-carbohydrate foods are discouraged, as well (e.g., beef).[65] Insulin secretion is stimulated (though less strongly) by other dietary intake. Like glycemic-index diets, predicting the insulin secretion from any particular meal is difficult, due to assorted digestive interactions and so differing effects on insulin release.[citation needed]

At the heart of the debate about most low-carbohydrate diets are fundamental questions about what is a 'normal' diet and how the human body is supposed to operate. These questions can be outlined as follows.

The diets of most people in modern Western nations, especially the United States, contain large amounts of starches, including refined flours, and substantial amounts of sugars, including fructose. Most Westerners seldom exhaust stored glycogen supplies and rarely go into ketosis. This has been regarded by the majority of the medical community in the last century as normal for humans.[citation needed] Ketosis should not be confused with ketoacidosis, a dangerous and extreme ketotic condition associated with type I diabetes. Some in the medical community have regarded ketosis as harmful and potentially life-threatening, believing it unnecessarily stresses the liver and causes destruction of muscle tissues.[citation needed] A perception developed that getting energy chiefly from dietary protein rather than carbohydrates causes liver damage and that getting energy chiefly from dietary fats rather than carbohydrates causes heart disease and other health problems. This view is still held by the majority of those in the medical and nutritional science communities.[66][67][68] However, it is now widely recognized that periodic ketosis is normal, and that ketosis provides a number of benefits, including neuroprotection against diverse types of cellular injury.[69]

People critical of low-carbohydrate diets cite hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis as risk factors. While mild acidosis may be a side effect when beginning a ketogenic diet,[70][71] no known health emergencies have been recorded. It should not be conflated with diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life-threatening.

A diet very low in starches and sugars induces several adaptive responses. Low blood glucose causes the pancreas to produce glucagon,[72] which stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood. When liver glycogen stores are exhausted, the body starts using fatty acids instead of glucose. The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy, and instead uses ketones produced from fatty acids by the liver. By using fatty acids and ketones as energy sources, supplemented by conversion of proteins to glucose (gluconeogenesis), the body can maintain normal levels of blood glucose without dietary carbohydrates.

Most advocates of low-carbohydrate diets, such as the Atkins diet, argue that the human body is adapted to function primarily in ketosis.[73][74] They argue that high insulin levels can cause many health problems, most significantly fat storage and weight gain. They argue that the purported dangers of ketosis are unsubstantiated (some of the arguments against ketosis result from confusion between ketosis and ketoacidosis, which is a mostly diabetic condition unrelated to dieting or low-carbohydrate intake).[75] They also argue that fat in the diet only contributes to heart disease in the presence of high insulin levels and that if the diet is instead adjusted to induce ketosis, fat and cholesterol in the diet are beneficial. Most low-carb diet plans discourage consumption of trans fat.

On a high-carbohydrate diet, glucose is used by cells in the body for the energy needed for their basic functions, and about two-thirds of body cells require insulin to use glucose. Excessive amounts of blood glucose are thought to be a primary cause of the complications of diabetes, when glucose reacts with body proteins (resulting in glycosolated proteins) and change their behavior. Perhaps for this reason, the amount of glucose tightly maintained in the blood is quite low. Unless a meal is very low in starches and sugars, blood glucose will rise for a period of an hour or two after a meal. When this occurs, beta cells in the pancreas release insulin to cause uptake of glucose into cells. In liver and muscle cells, more glucose is taken in than is needed and stored as glycogen (once called 'animal starch').[76] Diets with a high starch/sugar content, therefore, cause release of more insulin, and so more cell absorption. In diabetics, glucose levels vary in time with meals and vary a little more as a result of high-carbohydrate meals. In nondiabetics, blood-sugar levels are restored to normal levels within an hour or two, regardless of the content of a meal.

However, the ability of the body to store glycogen is finite. Once liver and muscular stores are full to the maximum, adipose tissue (subcutaneous and visceral fat stores) becomes the site of sugar storage in the form of fat.[citation needed] The body's ability to store fat is almost limitless, hence the modern dilemma of morbid obesity.

While any diet devoid of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and essential amino acids (EAAs) will result in eventual death, a diet completely without carbohydrates can be maintained indefinitely because triglycerides (which make up fat stored in the body and dietary fat) include a (glycerol) molecule which the body can easily convert to glucose.[77] It should be noted that the EFAs and all amino acids are structural building blocks, not inherent fuel for energy. However, a very-low-carbohydrate diet (less than 20 g per day) may negatively affect certain biomarkers[78] and produce detrimental effects in certain types of individuals (for instance, those with kidney problems). The opposite is also true; for instance, clinical experience suggests very-low-carbohydrate diets for patients with metabolic syndrome.[79]

Because of the substantial controversy regarding low-carbohydrate diets and even disagreements in interpreting the results of specific studies, it is difficult to objectively summarize the research in a way that reflects scientific consensus.[80] Although some research has been done throughout the 20th century,[81] most directly relevant scientific studies have occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s. Researchers and other experts have published articles and studies that run the gamut from promoting the safety and efficacy of these diets[82][83] to questioning their long-term validity[84][85] to outright condemning them as dangerous.[86][87] A significant criticism of the diet trend was that no studies evaluated the effects of the diets beyond a few months. However, studies emerged which evaluate these diets over much longer periods, controlled studies as long as two years and survey studies as long as two decades.[82][88][89][90][91]

A systematic review published in 2014 included 19 trials with a total of 3,209 overweight and obese participants, some with diabetes. The review included both extreme low carbohydrate diets high in both protein and fat, as well as less extreme low carbohydrate diets that are high in protein but with recommended intakes of fat. The authors found that when the amount of energy (kilojoules/calories) consumed by people following the low carbohydrate and balanced diets (45 to 65% of total energy from carbohydrates, 25 to 35% from fat, and 10 to 20% from protein) was similar, there was no difference in weight loss after 3 to 6 months and after 1 to 2 years in those with and without diabetes. For blood pressure, cholesterol levels and diabetes markers there was also no difference detected between the low carbohydrate and the balanced diets. The follow-up of these trials was no longer than two years, which is too short to provide an adequate picture of the long term risk of following a low carbohydrate diet.[5]

A 2003 meta-analysis that included randomized controlled trials found that "low-carbohydrate, non-energy-restricted diets appear to be at least as effective as low-fat, energy-restricted diets in inducing weight loss for up to one year."[92][93][94] A 2007 JAMA study comparing the effectiveness of the Atkins low-carb diet to several other popular diets concluded, "In this study, premenopausal overweight and obese women assigned to follow the Atkins diet, which had the lowest carbohydrate intake, lost more weight and experienced more favorable overall metabolic effects at 12 months than women assigned to follow the Zone, Ornish, or LEARN diets."[89] A July 2009 study of existing dietary habits associated a low-carbohydrate diet with obesity, although the study drew no explicit conclusion regarding the cause: whether the diet resulted in the obesity or the obesity motivated people to adopt the diet.[95] A 2013 meta-analysis that included only randomized controlled trials with one year or more of follow-up found, "Individuals assigned to a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet achieve a greater weight loss than those assigned to a low fat diet in the long term."[96] In 2013, after reviewing 16,000 studies, Sweden's Council on Health Technology Assessment concluded low-carbohydrate diets are more effective as a means to reduce weight than low-fat diets, over a short period of time (six months or less). However, the agency also concluded, over a longer span (1224 months), no differences occur in effects on weight between strict or moderate low-carb diets, low-fat diets, diets high in protein, Mediterranean diet, or diets aiming at low glycemic indices.[97]

In one theory, one of the reasons people lose weight on low-carbohydrate diets is related to the phenomenon of spontaneous reduction in food intake.[98]

Carbohydrate restriction may help prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes,[99][100] as well as atherosclerosis.[101]

Potential favorable changes in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values should be weighed against potential unfavorable changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol values when low-carbohydrate diets to induce weight loss are considered.[102] However, the type of LDL cholesterol should also be taken into account here, as it could be that small, dense LDL is decreased and larger LDL molecules are increased with low-carb diets.[citation needed] The health effects of the different molecules are still being elucidated, and many cholesterol tests do not account for such details, but small, dense LDL is thought to be problematic and large LDL is not. A 2008 systematic review of randomized controlled studies that compared low-carbohydrate diets to low-fat/low-calorie diets found the measurements of weight, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure were significantly better in groups that followed low-carbohydrate diets. The authors of this review also found a higher rate of attrition in groups with low-fat diets, and concluded, "evidence from this systematic review demonstrates that low-carbohydrate/high-protein diets are more effective at six months and are as effective, if not more, as low-fat diets in reducing weight and cardiovascular disease risk up to one year", but they also called for more long-term studies.[103]

A study of more than 100,000 people over more than 20 years within the Nurses' Health Study observationally concluded a low-carbohydrate diet high in vegetables, with a large proportion of proteins and oils coming from plant sources, decreases mortality with a hazard ratio of 0.8.[104] In contrast, a low-carbohydrate diet with largely animal sources of protein and fat increases mortality, with a hazard ratio of 1.1.[104] This study, however, has been met with criticism, due to the unreliability of the self-administered food frequency questionnaire, as compared to food journaling,[105] as well as classifying "low-carbohydrate" diets based on comparisons to the group as a whole (decile method) rather than surveying dieters following established low-carb dietary guidelines like the Atkins or Paleo diets.[106]

Opinions regarding low-carbohydrate diets vary throughout the medical and nutritional science communities, yet government bodies, and medical and nutritional associations, have generally opposed this nutritional regimen.[citation needed] Since 2003, some organizations have gradually begun to relax their opposition to the point of cautious support for low-carbohydrate diets. Some of these organizations receive funding from the food industry.[citation needed] Official statements from some organizations:

The AAFP released a 'discussion paper' on the Atkins diet in 2006. The paper expresses reservations about the Atkins plan, but acknowledges it as a legitimate weight-loss approach.[107]

The ADA revised its Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes in 2008 to acknowledge low-carbohydrate diets as a legitimate weight-loss plan.[108][109] The recommendations fall short of endorsing low-carbohydrate diets as a long-term health plan, and do not give any preference to these diets. Nevertheless, this is perhaps the first statement of support, albeit for the short term, by a medical organization.[110][111] In its 2009 publication of Clinical Practice Recommendations, the ADA again reaffirmed its acceptance of carbohydrate-controlled diets as an effective treatment for short-term (up to one year) weight loss among obese people suffering from type two diabetes.[112]

As of 2003 in commenting on a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association, a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association reiterated the association's belief that "there is no magic bullet to safe and healthful weight loss."[113] The Association specifically endorses the high-carbohydrate diet recommended by the National Academy of Sciences. They have stated "Calories cause weight gain. Excess calories from carbohydrates are not any more fattening than calories from other sources. Despite the claims of low-carb diets, a high-carbohydrate diet does not promote fat storage by enhancing insulin resistance."[114][bettersourceneeded]

As of 2008[update] the AHA states categorically that it "doesn't recommend high-protein diets."[115] A science advisory from the association further states the association's belief that these diets "may be associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease."[34] The AHA has been one of the most adamant opponents of low-carbohydrate diets.[citation needed] Dr. Robert Eckel, past president, noted that a low-carbohydrate diet could potentially meet AHA guidelines if it conformed to the AHA guidelines for low fat content.[116]

The position statement by the Heart Foundation regarding low-carbohydrate diets states, "the Heart Foundation does not support the adoption of VLCARB diets for weight loss."[46] Although the statement recommends against use of low-carbohydrate diets, it explains their major concern is saturated fats as opposed to carbohydrate restriction and protein. Moreover, other statements suggest their position might be re-evaluated in the event of more evidence from longer-term studies.

The consumer advice statements of the NHS regarding low-carbohydrate diets state that "eating a high-fat diet could increase your risk of heart disease" and "try to ensure starchy foods make up about a third of your diet"[117]

In 2008, the Socialstyrelsen in Sweden altered its standing regarding low-carbohydrate diets.[118] Although formal endorsement of this regimen has not yet appeared, the government has given its formal approval for using carbohydrate-controlled diets for medically supervised weight loss.

In a recommendation for diets suitable for diabetes patients published in 2011 a moderate low-carb option (3040%) is suggested.[119]

The HHS issues consumer guidelines for maintaining heart health which state regarding low-carbohydrate diets that "they're not the route to healthy, long-term weight management."[120]

Low-carbohydrate diets became a major weight loss and health maintenance trend during the late 1990s and early 2000s.[121][122][123] While their popularity has waned recently from its peak, they remain popular.[124][125] This diet trend has stirred major controversies in the medical and nutritional sciences communities and, as yet, there is not a general consensus on their efficacy or safety.[126][127] Many in the medical community remain generally opposed to these diets for long term health[128] although there has been a recent softening of this opposition by some organizations.[129][130]

Because of the substantial controversy regarding low-carbohydrate diets, and even disagreements in interpreting the results of specific studies, it is difficult to objectively summarize the research in a way that reflects scientific consensus.[131][132][133]

Although there has been some research done throughout the twentieth century, most directly relevant scientific studies have occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s and, as such, are relatively new and the results are still debated in the medical community.[132] Supporters and opponents of low-carbohydrate diets frequently cite many articles (sometimes the same articles) as supporting their positions.[134][135][136] One of the fundamental criticisms of those who advocate the low-carbohydrate diets has been the lack of long-term studies evaluating their health risks.[137][138] This has begun to change as longer term studies are emerging.[82]

A 2012 systematic review studying the effects of low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors showed the LCD to be associated with significant decreases in body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, blood insulin and plasma C-reactive protein, as well as an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and creatinine did not change significantly. The study found the LCD was shown to have favorable effects on body weight and major cardiovascular risk factors (but concluded the effects on long-term health are unknown). The study did not compare health benefits of LCD to low-fat diets.[139]

A meta-analysis published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2013 compared low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, vegan, vegetarian, low-glycemic index, high-fiber, and high-protein diets with control diets. The researchers concluded that low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, low-glycemic index, and high-protein diets are effective in improving markers of risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.[140]

In the first week or two of a low-carbohydrate diet, much of the weight loss comes from eliminating water retained in the body.[141] The presence of insulin in the blood fosters the formation of glycogen stores in the body, and glycogen is bound with water, which is released when insulin and blood sugar drop.[citation needed][142] A ketogenic diet is known to cause dehydration as an early, temporary side-effect.[143]

Advocates of low-carbohydrate diets generally dispute any suggestion that such diets cause weakness or exhaustion (except in the first few weeks as the body adjusts), and indeed most highly recommend exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle.[142][144] A large body of evidence stretching back to the 1880s shows that physical performance is not negatively affected by ketogenic diets once a person has been accustomed to such a diet.[145]

Arctic cultures, such as the Inuit, were found to lead physically demanding lives consuming a diet of about 1520% of their calories from carbohydrates, largely in the form of glycogen from the raw meat they consumed.[145][146][147][148] However, studies also indicate that while low-carb diets will not reduce endurance performance after adapting, they will probably deteriorate anaerobic performance such as strength-training or sprint-running because these processes rely on glycogen for fuel.[144]

Many critics argue that low-carbohydrate diets inherently require minimizing vegetable and fruit consumption, which in turn robs the body of important nutrients.[149] Some critics imply or explicitly argue that vegetables and fruits are inherently all heavily concentrated sources of carbohydrates (so much so that some sources treat the words 'vegetable' and 'carbohydrate' as synonymous).[150] While some fruits may contain relatively high concentrations of sugar, most are largely water and not particularly calorie-dense. Thus, in absolute terms, even sweet fruits and berries do not represent a significant source of carbohydrates in their natural form, and also typically contain a good deal of fiber which attenuates the absorption of sugar in the gut.[151] Lastly, most of the sugar in fruit is fructose, which has a reported negligible effect on insulin levels in obese subjects.[152]

Most vegetables are low- or moderate-carbohydrate foods (in the context of these diets, fiber is excluded because it is not a nutritive carbohydrate). Some vegetables, such as potatoes and carrots, have high concentrations of starch, as do corn and rice. Most low-carbohydrate diet plans accommodate vegetables such as broccoli, spinach, cauliflower, and peppers.[153] The Atkins diet recommends that most dietary carbs come from vegetables. Nevertheless, debate remains as to whether restricting even just high-carbohydrate fruits, vegetables, and grains is truly healthy.[154]

Contrary to the recommendations of most low-carbohydrate diet guides, some individuals may choose to avoid vegetables altogether to minimize carbohydrate intake. Low-carbohydrate vegetarianism is also practiced.

Raw fruits and vegetables are packed with an array of other protective chemicals, such as vitamins, flavonoids, and sugar alcohols. Some of those molecules help safeguard against the over-absorption of sugars in the human digestive system.[155][156] Industrial food raffination depletes some of those beneficial molecules to various degrees, including almost total removal in many cases.[157]

The major low-carbohydrate diet guides generally recommend multivitamin and mineral supplements as part of the diet regimen, which may lead some to believe these diets are nutritionally deficient. The primary reason for this recommendation is that if the switch from a high-carbohydrate to a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet is rapid, the body can temporarily go through a period of adjustment during which it may require extra vitamins and minerals. This is because the body releases excess fluids stored during high-carbohydrate eating. In other words, the body goes through a temporary "shock" if the diet is changed to low-carbohydrate quickly, just as it would changing to a high-carbohydrate diet quickly. This does not, in and of itself, indicate that either type of diet is nutritionally deficient. While many foods rich in carbohydrates are also rich in vitamins and minerals, many low-carbohydrate foods are similarly rich in vitamins and minerals.[158]

A common argument in favor of high-carbohydrate diets is that most carbohydrates break down readily into glucose in the bloodstream, and therefore the body does not have to work as hard to get its energy in a high-carbohydrate diet as a low-carbohydrate diet. This argument, by itself, is incomplete. Although many dietary carbohydrates do break down into glucose, most of that glucose does not remain in the bloodstream for long. Its presence stimulates the beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin, which has the effect of causing about two-thirds of body cells to take in glucose, and causing fat cells to take in fatty acids and store them. As the blood-glucose level falls, the amount of insulin released is reduced; the entire process is completed in non-diabetics in an hour or two after eating.[citation needed] High-carbohydrate diets require more insulin production and release than low-carbohydrate diets,[citation needed] and some evidence indicates the increasingly large percentage of calories consumed as refined carbohydrates is positively correlated with the increased incidence of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.[159]

In addition, this claim neglects the nature of the carbohydrates ingested. Some are indigestible in humans (e.g., cellulose), some are poorly digested in humans (e.g., the amylose starch variant), and some require considerable processing to be converted to absorbable forms. In general, uncooked or unprocessed (e.g., milling, crushing, etc.) foods are harder (typically much harder) to absorb, so do not raise glucose levels as much as might be expected from the proportion of carbohydrate present. Cooking (especially moist cooking above the temperature necessary to expand starch granules) and mechanical processing both considerably raise the amount of absorbable carbohydrate and reduce the digestive effort required.

Analyses which neglect these factors are misleading and will not result in a working diet, or at least one which works as intended. In fact, some evidence indicates the human brain the largest consumer of glucose in the body can operate more efficiently on ketones (as efficiency of source of energy per unit oxygen).[160]

The restriction of starchy plants, by definition, severely limits the dietary intake of microbiota accessible carbohydrates (MACs) and may negatively affect the microbiome in ways that contribute to disease.[161] Starchy plants, in particular, are a main source of resistant starch an important dietary fiber with strong prebiotic properties.[162][163][164] Resistant starches are not digestible by mammals and are fermented and metabolized by gut flora into short chain fatty acids, which are well known to offer a wide range of health benefits.[163][165][166][167][168][169] Resistant starch consumption has been shown to improve intestinal/colonic health, blood sugar, glucose tolerance, insulin-sensitivity and satiety.[170][171][172] Public health authorities and food organizations such as the Food and Agricultural Organization, the World Health Organization,[173] the British Nutrition Foundation[174] and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences[175] recognize resistant starch as a beneficial carbohydrate. The Joint Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Consultation on Human Nutrition stated, "One of the major developments in our understanding of the importance of carbohydrates for health in the past twenty years has been the discovery of resistant starch."[173]

In 2004, the Canadian government ruled that foods sold in Canada could not be marketed with reduced or eliminated carbohydrate content as a selling point, because reduced carbohydrate content was not determined to be a health benefit. The government ruled that existing "low carb" and "no carb" packaging would have to be phased out by 2006.[176]

Some variants of low-carbohydrate diets involve substantially lowered intake of dietary fiber, which can result in constipation if not supplemented.[citation needed] For example, this has been a criticism of the induction phase of the Atkins diet (the Atkins diet is now clearer about recommending a fiber supplement during induction). Most advocates[who?][dubious discuss] today argue that fiber is a "good" carbohydrate and encourage a high-fiber diet.[citation needed]

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Market Analysis Report

Importance & Scope:

Health play a vital role for any living being on this earth, nothing can be good, if the health is not good. Healthy and physically fit person can enjoy their lives more beautifully. Sports Medicine is the subjust which deals with all the health and physical related conditions of the athlates. Sports Medicine Conference is the most precious event which is directly related to health and wellness not only for the sports person/athletes but also for the people who are agonize with most of the diseases and disorders which are directly or indirectly related to the physical health and condition. Sports medicine is a towering subject which is related to physical health and conditions.

There is a huge demand for the sports medicine in most of the countries where sports and physical health are given more important. Sports Medicine 2016 aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results about all aspects of Sports, Physical Health, Injuries and Medicine. It also provides the chance for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns, practical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted in the fields of Sports Medicine and Fitness.

Sports Medicine2016 is an international platform for presenting research about marketing, exchanging ideas about it and thus, contributes to the dissemination of knowledge in marketing for the benefit of both the academia and business. Sports Medicine2016 is where the future of Sports Medicine and Fitness intersects. This event brings together the most of the eminent persons, researchers, scientists to explore there invaluable knowledge. Sports Medicine2016 is where Sports marketers go to gain perspective on the latest Sports technologies, emerging start-ups, and opportunities that will drive the future of the Sports Medicine and Fitness. We bring together business, creative, and technology leaders from the Sports Medicine market and Sports Medicine industry for the most current and relevant.

Why Dubai?

Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Persian Gulf region. It is also a major transport hub for passengers and cargo. It is a world's fastest growing economies, Dubai's gross domestic product is projected at USD 107.1 billion, with a growth rate of 6.1% in 2014. It is estimated that Dubai produces 50,000 to 70,000 barrels (7,900 to 11,100 m3) of oil a day and substantial quantities of gas from offshore fields.

Architecture: Dubai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles. Many modern interpretations of Islamic architecture can be found here. Burj Khalifa (The 828 meters tallest building in the world and a skyscraper in Dubai, UAE. It is a world-class destination and the magnificent place at Downtown Dubai), Burj Al Arab (The Burj Al Arab (Arabic: , Tower of the Arabs) is a 7 star luxury hotel. Although the hotel is frequently described as "the world's only seven-Star hotel) Dubai, Miracle Garden (On Valentine's Day 2013, the Dubai Miracle Garden, a 72,000-square meter flower garden, opened in Dubai land. It is currently the world's largest flower garden. It has 45 million flowers with re-use of waste water through drip irrigation)

Food: Arabic food is very popular and is available everywhere in the city, from the small shawarma diners in Deira and Al Karama to the restaurants in Dubai's hotels. Fast food, South Asian, and Chinese cuisines are also very popular and are widely available. Dubai is known for its nightlife. Clubs and bars are found mostly in hotels due to the liquor laws. The New York Times described Dubai as "the kind of city where you might run into Michael Jordan at the Buddha Bar or stumble across Naomi Campbell celebrating her birthday with a multiday bash"

Sports: Football and cricket are the most popular sports in Dubai which attract sports stars from around the world. The Dubai World Cup, a thoroughbred horse race, is held annually at the Meydan Racecourse. Dubai also hosts the traditional rugby union tournament Dubai Sevens, part of the Sevens World Series. In 2009, Dubai hosted the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens.

Conference Highlights:

Sports and Health

Sports Education and Sports Training

Exercise Physiology and Role of Hormones in Sport and Fitness

Injuries and Orthopedic Surgeries in Sports and Fitness

Sports Nutrition and Sports Medicine

Physical Therapies for Multiple Diseases

Technologies Assisting Sport and Exercise Facilitation

Computer Science Involved In Sports Science

Motor Skill Acquisition and Sports Psychology

Multidisciplinary Contributions To Sports Science

Natural or Herbal Medicine for Sports

Special Focus for 2016: Sport and Development

Why to attend???

Sports Medicine is one of the most important topic, With members from around the world focused on learning about Sports, physical health and other sports related activities, this is your single best opportunity to reach the largest assemblage of participants from the Sports and health community. Conduct demonstrations, distribute information, meet with current and potential Researchers, Scientists, Business Personals, and Industrialis , make a splash with an invaluable knowledge and receive name recognition at this 3-day event. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, tactics, and the newest updates in Sports Medicine and Fitness fields are hallmarks of this conference.

A Unique Opportunity for Advertisers and Sponsors at this International event:

http://sports.conferenceseries.com/sponsors.php

Major Sports Medicine Universities, colleges/Institutions around the world

George Washington University

University of Michigan (UM)

University of Pittsburgh

University of the Rockies

Iowa State University

The University of Alabama

American InterContinental University

Major Sports Medicine Universities, colleges/Institutions in UAE

American University of Sharjah

United Arab Emirates University

Northumbria University

University of Sharjah

Paris-Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi

Major Sports Medicine Universities, colleges/Institutions in Dubai

ETA College

New York University in Abu Dhabi

Dubai British School

Statistical Analysis of Sports Medicine Universities:

Major Sports Medicine Associations around the Globe

International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine.

The International Sports Sciences Association (ISSA) USA

International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE) Germany

Indian Association of Sports Medicine (IASM)

American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine

American Medical Societies for Sports medicine and The British Association of Sports and Medicine

Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine

World Institute of Sports Sciences (WISS), Florida

The South African Sports Medicine Association

California Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (CAHPERD)

The Association for the Advancement for Applied Sport Psychology

The European Federation of Sport Psychology

British Association of Sport and Exercise Science (BASES)

Brazilian College of Sport Science (CBCE)

Sport and Exercise Science New Zealand (SESNZ)

Sports Medicine Australia (SMA)

Japanese Association of University Physical Education and Sports

Centre for Orthopaedic Surgery, Switzerland

Major Sports Medicine Associations and Societies in UAE

Abu Dhabi Knee & Sports Medicine Centre

UAE Football Association

Dubai Sports Council

General Authority of youth and sports welfare

Emirates Motor Sports Federation

American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine

Emirates Society of Emergency Medicine

Major Sports Medicine Associations and Societies in Dubai

International Knee and joint Center

UAE Health & Sports Medicine Centre

Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Centre

The California Chiropractic and Sports Medicine Center

The City Hospital Dubai Healthcare City

Statistical Analysis of Sports Medicine Associations and societies:

Major hospitals and clinic of Sports Medicine around the world

Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center

The Sports Medicine Clinic, USA

Sports Medicine Clinic, Singapore

Seattle Childrens Hospital

UCSF Medical Center, USA

Foot & Leg Pain Clinics, Australia

The Stanford Health Care, USA

Fairview Sports and Orthopedic Care

Petts Wood Osteopathic Clinic, UK

Spectrum Physio Centre, India

UniSports Sports Medicine, New Zealand

Premiere Chiropractic & Sports Medicine, USA

Major hospitals and clinic of Sports Medicine in UAE

Sports Injury Clinic Abu Dhabi

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