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Leaner individuals, who attempt weight loss by exercise, dieting, or commercial programmes and pills, ended up gaining weight in the long run, with their 24-year risk of Type-2 diabetes also going up. In contrast, intentional weight loss in obese persons was found to be overall beneficial, according to a recent study by the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health.

Obesity is one of the biggest risk factors for developing Type-2 diabetes.

The researchers found exercise to be the most effective weight-loss strategy during a four-year follow-up with the average weight being 4.2 per cent less in obese individuals, 2.5 per cent in overweight individuals and 0.4 per cent in lean individuals as compared to their counterparts who did not attempt weight loss. Among those who tried commercial programmes or diet pills, the obese weighed 0.3 per cent less, the overweight individuals weighed two per cent more, and the leaner individuals 3.7 per cent more than their counterparts.

What was the impact of weight loss on diabetes?

The researchers looked at the risk of Type-2 diabetes 24 years later and found that it went down in obese individuals irrespective of the weight-loss method attempted. The risk of diabetes went down by 21 per cent in obese individuals who exercised and 13 per cent in those who took diet pills.

As for overweight people, the risk of diabetes went down by nine per cent with exercise but shot up by 42 per cent in those who took the pills.

In lean individuals, all weight loss strategies led to an increase in the risk of Type-2 diabetes. The risk increased by nine per cent in those who lost weight through exercise and 54 per cent for those who took pills, according to the study.

We were a bit surprised when we first saw the positive associations of weight loss attempts with faster weight gain and higher Type 2 diabetes risk among lean individuals. However, we now know that such observations are supported by biology that unfortunately entails adverse health outcomes when lean individuals try to lose weight intentionally. Good news is that individuals with obesity will clearly benefit from losing a few pounds and the health benefits last even when the weight loss is temporary, said Qi Sun from the department of nutrition at Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health in a release.

What does this study mean for India?

With around 77 million people in India living with diabetes with the numbers projected to grow several fold in the coming years should leaner individuals stop exercising? No, says Dr Ambrish Mithal, Chairman and Head of Diabetes and Endocrinology at Max Healthcare.

Everyone, including those with lower BMI, should continue to do their regular exercise to maintain a healthy weight we tend to put on weight as we age and be physically fit. What they are not supposed to do is try and lose more weight, he said.

With over 80 per cent of Type-2 diabetes in people who are overweight and obese, when we talk of diabetes remission now, weight loss is a very important strategy. But we have always maintained that it cannot be the only strategy for everyone. When it comes to diabetes in leaner people, it may be because of less production of insulin rather than the cells being resistant to it, and then weight loss will not be of help, said Dr Mithal.

He said that sometimes hyper-aware persons, someone who is lean and has been maintaining their HbA1c for years but now wants to get off all medications, attempt to lose weight. Reversal is not possible for everybody, he said.

But who should be considered overweight in India? Dr Mithal as well as Dr Anoop Misra, Chairman of Fortis CDOC Center for Diabetes agree that a BMI cut-off of 25 for being overweight does not work in India.

Even leaner Indians have a lot of fat around their belly, so the international cut-off for BMI 25 does not work here. I say, people should try to bring their BMI to around 21.5 in order to lose the fat stored in the liver, said Dr Misra.

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What is the best way for long-term weight loss: exercise, diet, or pills? This new study has the answers. - The Indian Express

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"Diet ID is on a mission to make diet qualitythe single leading predictor of mortality and morbidity in the modern worlda vital sign."

ST. LOUIS (PRWEB) October 11, 2022

The American College of Lifestyle Medicine (ACLM) has announced the addition of nutrition measurement, management and behavior change platform Diet ID to its Lifestyle Medicine Corporate Roundtable, a group of thought leaders and industry professionals who explore effective clinical innovations, activate marketing strategies, accelerate reimbursement and policy adoption, and pursue research and demonstrations of lifestyle medicine in practice. ACLM launched its Corporate Roundtable in 2016 and it now includes nearly 50 active member organizations in the lifestyle medicine ecosystem.

Lifestyle medicine is a medical specialty that uses therapeutic lifestyle interventions as a primary modality to treat chronic conditions including, but not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Lifestyle medicine certified clinicians are trained to apply evidence-based, whole-person, prescriptive lifestyle change to treat and, when used intensively, often reverse such conditions. Applying the six pillars of lifestyle medicinea whole-food, plant-predominant eating pattern, physical activity, restorative sleep, stress management, avoidance of risky substances and positive social connectionsalso provides effective prevention for these conditions.

Diet ID is a business-to-business, software-as-a-service (SAAS) company that has invented, patented, scientifically validated and widely commercialized a revolutionary advance in dietary assessment employing a visual approach to measuring and optimizing diet quality. Compared to other dietary assessment tools, this personalized, customizable platform saves time, effort and cost while generating a personalized route to wellness in just minutes. The first fundamentally new way to measure dietary intake in half a century, Diet ID is on a mission to make diet qualitythe single leading predictor of mortality and morbidity in the modern worlda vital sign.

According to multiple studies, diet is the leading predictor of chronic disease risk more than genetics, physical activity, or smoking. A critical element in health optimization, managing diet is extremely challenging, as its tedious, costly to measure and track, and difficult to personalize. Diet ID's digital nutrition tools quickly help providers understand their populations nutrition intake, as well as provide a personalized blueprint for changes to improve and optimize health. In addition, used as a dietary intervention, the platform offers the unique ability to impact downstream cost savings achieved through upstream improvement in diet quality.

Rooted in decades of research and validation, Diet ID offers transparency with the fastest way to measure diet quality, food intake, and estimated nutrient intake. Diet ID allows effortless diet quality assessment with its digital one-minute, validated visual dietary assessment. A clinician can generate results and individual plans in real time. For the patient, the Daily Actions Module swaps out burdensome food logging for joyful social challenges, meeting people wherever they are on their health improvement journeys.

The advancement of lifestyle as medicine in all of its luminous promise to add years to lives, and life to years, is dependent upon pearls of innovation, said Diet ID Founder and CEO David L. Katz, MD, MPH, FACPM, FACP, FACLM. Diet ID is to diet as a vital sign as the blood pressure cuff is to blood pressure and should be applied as such universally. The routine inclusion of dietary assessment, and management, is the next evolutionary advance in the standard of food as medicine in clinical care. ACLMs Corporate Roundtable provides us all the opportunity to explore our synergies, be more than a sum of parts, and make together a greater difference.

Nutrition is the foundation of lifestyle medicine, with the power to prevent, treat, and reverse chronic disease, said ACLM President Cate Collings, MD, FACC, MS, DipABLM. Conventional dietary assessments are cumbersome and neither user nor provider friendly. Diet ID makes it possible to more easily standardize and streamline dietary measurement so that providers can spend their time and target the resources to best help patients. We welcome Diet ID to our Corporate Roundtable.

ABOUT DIET ID Founded in 2016 and headquartered in in Detroit, MI, with a team around the U.S., Diet ID is focused on making dietary assessment a vital sign. Founded by Dr. David L. Katz, lifestyle medicine and nutrition leader and founder of the Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center, Diet ID provides a scientifically valid approach to help people improve what and how they eat, one bite at a time. The result is permanent habit change, with a preference for healthful foods. Learn more about Diet ID at dietID.com.

ABOUT ACLM--The American College of Lifestyle Medicine is the nations only medical professional society advancing lifestyle medicine as the foundation for a redesigned, value-based and equitable healthcare delivery system, leading to whole person health. ACLM educates, equips, empowers and supports its members through quality, evidence-based education, certification and research to identify and eradicate the root cause of chronic disease, with a clinical outcome goal of health restoration as opposed to disease management.

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If you have dry skin, you may find that your skin feels tight, rough, and flaky. To help hydrate and protect your dry skin, be sure to include plenty of fatty fish, avocados, olive oil, nuts, and seeds in your diet (via Medical News Today). Fatty fish, like salmon and yellowfin tuna, are a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, which help to keep your skin hydrated. Avocados and olive oil are also rich in healthy fats that help to nourish and moisturize your skin. Nuts and seeds are another good option for dry skin, as they're packed with vitamins and minerals that can help to keep your skin healthy.

Foods that are high in vitamin A can also help with dry skin. These include foods like sweet potato, carrots, kale, and spinach. Vitamin A helps to protect your skin from damage and can also help to reduce the appearance of wrinkles. You should also try to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables that contain a lot of water, like watermelon, cucumber, and strawberries. These foods can help to keep your skin hydrated and looking healthy.

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The Diet You Should Eat To Benefit Your Skin Type - Health Digest

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Inflammation occurs when cells travel to the place of an injury or foreign body like bacteria, but if these cells stay in the body for too long, it may lead to chronic inflammation

New Delhi: If you suffer from the issue of inflammation, according to doctors, before taking any medicine try and follow the natural route.

What is inflammation and how does it affect the body?

Health experts believe that chronic inflammation is a symptom of many underlying health conditions like arthritis or even stress.

How to reduce inflammation naturally

The best way to reduce chronic inflammation is to adopt an anti-inflammatory diet and lifestyle that may help you stay healthy and slow down aging. The diet would also help reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, dementia, and autoimmune diseases like joint pain, and cancer.

Doctors believe that an anti-inflammatory diet provides a healthy balance of protein, carbs, and fat at each meal. Make sure you also meet your bodys needs for vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water.

A low-carb diet also reduces inflammation, particularly for people with obesity or metabolic syndrome.

Some of the foods that help reduce inflammation are:

Disclaimer: Tips and suggestions mentioned in the article are for general information purposes only and should not be construed as professional medical advice. Always consult your doctor or a dietician before starting any fitness programme or making any changes to your diet.

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Anti-inflammatory diet: How to reduce inflammation through eating right - Times Now

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STRONGMAN Eddie Hall is bulking up as he heads back into competition.

Brit star Hall, 34, slimmed down from a whopping top weight of 434lbs for his heavyweight boxing fight with Hafthor Bjornson earlier this year.

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He tipped the scales at 310lbs for the exhibition bout which saw Game of Thrones actor Thor come out on top.

Now Hall - who has 3.4m Instagram followers - is ditching his foray into the squared circle and returning to his strongman roots.

Later this fall, the strongman officially returns to the sport at the 2022Giants Live Worlds Strongest Nation competition.

It'll be the UK taking on the USA in the team-led event, with Hall a team caption for the Brits andRobert Oberstfor Team USA.

The event is all set for November in Liverpool, England and the 2017 World's Strongest Man is taking his prep seriously.

Although he's not looking to return to his 400lbs-plus days, Eddie is having to fuel his intense workouts with a new diet.

And that involves a lot of effort - as shown by a viral video he uploaded of his daily food routine.

With wife and usual chef Alexandra out on errands, it was up to the strongman to don the apron and cook his own meals.

He kicks off his day with a hefty breakfast shake, which provides around 700 calories of crucial early morning fuel.

Packed full of protein, the shake includes two hefty scoops of whey protein, peanut butter, one banana, chocolate spread, milk and a hearty helping of ice.

Training for Hall doesn't start until after lunch, which is when he really starts to chow down.

All about the protein again, the man mountain demolishes five chicken-filled wraps before his afternoon workout.

They provide him with around 1,500 calories and 80 grams of protein, with a further two wraps held back for after his training session.

Following an intense couple of hours in the gym, Eddie concludes his food marathon with two humungous burgers.

He packs two massive patties into buns along with sauce, tomatoes, cheese and bacon - before adding a whopping amount of home-cooked potato wedges.

In total, he guzzles 4,600 calories and 385 grams of protein during a typical day.

Eddie is looking forward after his boxing defeat to Thor in March, where he was dropped twice by the giant Icelandic star.

He told Men's Health: "Obviously, losing the fight is hard to take, but I think losing is a big part of life.

"I didn't win World Strongest Man first time around.

"You've got to take those losses, learn, go away, recoup and come back bigger and stronger.

"Sometimes, losses are better than the wins, because they really do shape you, and who likes somebody that wins everything?"

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Eddie Hall reveals his insane new diet as strongman piles on the pounds for return at Worlds Strongest N... - The US Sun

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Introduction

Obesity is one of the important challenges in public health worldwide. It may cause damage to the function of human organs and systems and ultimately lead to other chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, and cancer.18 Over the last decades, the global prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly, approximately 11% of men and 15% of women were obese in the world.9 In 2015, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese adults were 41.3% and 15.7%, respectively.10 Obesity-related NCDs brought a huge economic burden in China, and obesity and overweight accounted for 11.1% of deaths associated with NCDs in 2019.11

The root cause of obesity is that the bodys energy intake is greater than the bodys energy expenditure, resulting in excess energy being stored in the form of fat although lots of risk factors for obesity were explored and identified including genetics, diet, physical exercise, and psychological factors in previous studies.11 Thus, dietary factors still play a key role in the process of developing obesity even though some previous findings were controversial over countries or populations.12,13

The traditional nutritional epidemiology researches generally explore relationships between one or several foods or nutrients and health outcomes. Recently, dietary patterns of the overall diet were occupied to assess the comprehensive effects of food or nutrients on human health, and they showed more effectively and precisely than traditional those.14 However, different dietary patterns varied widely over countries, races, and research methods.15 Previous studies showed that western and junk food dietary patterns increased energy intake and risk of obesity,16 while Mediterranean dietary pattern was considered to reduce triglyceride levels.17 Also, an association between Chinese traditional dietary pattern and obesity was reported in one research.18 However, most of previous studies were cross-sectional studies between dietary patterns and obesity,1820 and it was rare to explore prospective associations between dietary patterns and obesity with community population cohorts in China.

There were huge differences in food culture and diet behaviors over different regions, even in China, due to the geographical features and ethnic diversity.21 Thus, based on a prospective community-based population cohort in Guizhou province, this study aimed to explore associations between dietary patterns and incident obesity in Southwest China.

Data for this study were from the Guizhou Population Health Cohort Study (GPHCS), a prospective community-based cohort in Guizhou province, China.22 The baseline survey was conducted between November 2010 and December 2012, and it was followed up between December 2016 and June 2020. The inclusion criteria for subjects in this study included followings: (1) aged 18 years or above; (2) lived in these communities and had no plan to move; (3) completed the questionnaire and blood sample collection; (4) signed written informed consent before data collection. A total of 9280 participants were recruited at the baseline. Those who had obesity at baseline (n = 644), who lost to follow-up (n = 1045), and who had missing data (n = 1634) or incomplete dietary survey (n = 215) were excluded. Finally, the remaining 5742 participants were eligible for the analysis (Figure 1). This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Guizhou Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (No. S2017-02).

Figure 1 Flow chart of participants in this cohort study.

A structured questionnaire was done through a face-to-face interview by local trained health professionals. The baseline and follow-up questionnaire included demographic characteristics (age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, marriage status, and occupation), lifestyle (smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity), history of chronic diseases, and dietary factors. Current smokers referred to smoking tobacco products including manufactured or locally produced in a month.23 Alcohol drinkers referred to drinking alcohol more than once every month within the last 12 months.22 Physical activity was defined as meeting WHO recommendations on physical activity according to the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ).24

Dietary data including frequencies and quantities of 16 food items (fermented bean curd, bean paste, pickles, oil, legumes, meat, fruits, milk, eggs, fish, potatoes, grains, vegetables, beverages, desserts, and fried food) consumed during the recent 12 months before the study recruitment were collected by a simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements including height, body weight, and blood pressure were measured. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2). Obesity was defined as BMI 30kg/m2 based on the WHO BMI classification standard.25

In this study, factor analysis with eigenvalues >1 and varimax rotation was occupied to aggregate 16 food items into factors with food patterns. Four factors that explained most of the variances were determined based on scree plots and their loadings for the initial food items. The factor-loading matrix for the four dietary patterns and their food or food groups is shown in Table S1. Factor 1, named high-salt and high-oil pattern, was characterized by a high factor load of fermented bean curd, bean paste, pickles, and oil. Factor 2, named western pattern, was characterized by a high factor load of legumes, meat, fruits, milk, eggs, fish, and potatoes. Factor 3, named grain-vegetable pattern, was characterized by a high factor load of grains and vegetables. Factor 4, named junk food pattern, was characterized by a high factor load of beverages, desserts, and fried food. A summary score for each pattern was then derived and categorized into quartiles (Quartile 025th, Q1; 26th-50th, Q2; 51st-75th, Q3; 76th-100th, Q4) for further analysis.

The Students t-test and the Chi-square test were used for continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively. Person-years (PYs) of follow-up were calculated from the date of enrolling the cohort until the date of diagnosis of obesity, death, or follow-up, whichever came first. Because physical activity violated the proportional hazards assumption, the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models stratified by physical activity were employed to determine the association between dietary patterns and incident obesity and to estimate hazard risk (HR), adjusted HR (aHR), and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Several variables were adjusted and controlled in the multivariable models: age (1829, 3064, 65 years), sex (male/female), Han Chinese (no/yes), education years (9/<9), current smokers (no/yes), alcohol drinkers (no/yes), diabetes mellitus (no/yes), hypertension (no/yes). Tests for linear trends across increasing quartiles of dietary pattern were performed by assigning median value to each quartile of dietary pattern. The sensitivity analysis was conducted after exclusion of participants with overweight at baseline. All statistical tests were two-sided and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed in R software (Version 4.1.0; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

The baseline characteristics of participants are presented in Table 1. Of all subjects, the average age was 45.06 15.21 years old and more than half were women. Most of them were Han Chinese and had 9 education years or longer. The prevalence of current smoking and alcohol drinking was around one-third, while the proportion of physical activity was more than four-fifths. There were significant differences in education level, physical activity, current smokers, alcohol drinkers, hypertension, and diabetes between men and women (detailed in Table 1).

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Participants

As shown in Table 2, four dietary patterns statistically varied over different age groups and physical activity groups. Men (53.6%) had higher grain-vegetable pattern scores than women (46.4%). Han Chinese had more chances to have western pattern and junk food pattern. Participants with less than 9 education years had lower proportions of high-salt and high-oil pattern, western pattern, and junk food pattern. Those subjects with hypertension or diabetes tended to have high-salt and high-oil pattern and junk food pattern. There were also significant differences in high-salt and high-oil patterns and western pattern among participants who were current smokers or alcohol drinkers.

Table 2 Participants Characteristics According to Quartiles of Four Dietary Patterns

During the follow-up of 40,524.15 PYs, 427 new obesity cases were identified and the incidence rate of obesity was 10.54/1000PYs overall. There were significant sex differences in the incidence rate (9.36/1000PYs for men vs 11.64/1000PYs for women, p = 0.004). The incidence rate increased with age and the age-specific incidence rates of obesity are displayed over sex in Figure 2. Similar sex differences were observed among those aged 30 to 64 years old (p = 0.010) or elders (p = 0.031). Also, the highest incidence rate of obesity reached 12.27/1000PYs and 9.8/1000PYs in both women and men aged 30 to 64 years, respectively.

Figure 2 Age-specific Incidence rates of obesity for Chinese adults over sex.

Abbreviation: PYs, person years of follow-up.

Note: **P < 0.01.

In the Cox regression model stratified by physical activity, associations between dietary patterns and incident obesity are presented in Table 3. Participants in the higher quartile of junk food pattern score were more likely to develop obese with the HR (95% CI) of 1.54 (1.162.02) and 1.44 (1.091.89) for the third and fourth quartiles, respectively. After the adjustment for covariates, both aHRs in the Q3 and Q4 group of junk food pattern increased slightly and were still significant. Also, the risk of incident obesity significantly increased with the score of junk food pattern (p for trend = 0.040). In addition, subjects in the Q3 group of western pattern had a significantly higher risk of incident obesity (aHR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.011.75) compared to those in the Q1 group, and there was a marginally raised trend in the risk of incident obesity as western pattern scores (p for trend = 0.087). It was not found that there were any significant associations between high-salt and high oil pattern or grain-vegetable pattern and incident obesity. No significant interactions were observed between dietary pattern and main covariates, either. In the sensitivity analysis, the main results remained robust after exclusion of participants with overweight at baseline (seen in Figure S1).

Table 3 Associations Between Baseline Dietary Patterns and Incident Obesity

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing dramatically worldwide. As a leading risk factor for obesity, unhealthy dietary has been prevalent in China. During the follow-up of 40,524.15 PYs, the incidence rate of obesity was estimated at 10.54/1000PYs in this study population overall with a significant sex difference. Also, the highest incidence rate of obesity reached at 12.27/1000PYs and 9.80/1000PYs in both women and men aged 3064 years, respectively. Those findings indicated that there was a high risk of developing obesity in this study population, especially for women, which called the development and implementation of specific intervention for the prevention and control of obesity.

In the present study, four major dietary patterns were identified and then associations between four dietary patterns and incident obesity were explored among adult residents in Southwest China. The junk food pattern consisted of high consumption of beverages, desserts, and fried food. Likewise, the western pattern was characterized by high consumption of legumes, meat, fruits, milk, eggs, fish, and potatoes. We found that junk food pattern and western pattern were positively associated with the increased risk of developing obesity, while no significant associations between high-oil and high-salt pattern, grain-vegetable pattern and incident obesity were observed in this study. The results were consistent with the South Asian consensus on Nutritional Medical Treatment of Diabesity, which advocated for a hypocaloric diet and reducing intake of carbohydrates and saturated fats.26 Meanwhile, among Iranian women, it was reported that a low-carbohydrate diet was not associated with overweight and obesity.27

In China, the consumption of junk food such as desserts, beverages, and fried food is on the rise since the 1980s.11 In this study, the contribution of junk food dietary pattern to a higher risk of obesity was demonstrated, which was consistent with a Mediterranean prospective cohort design with a median 6-year follow-up.28 Previous studies revealed that during the frying process, excessive fat and calories tended to increase, and trans-fatty acids related to the risk of weight gain29 were also prone to be generated.30 Furthermore, the junk food pattern has a high intake of beverages and sweets, and the positive associations of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to obesity were confirmed by Framingham Heart Study.31 A recent meta-analysis revealed that the consumption of SSBs increased waist circumference in adult populations.32 Also, a cross-sectional study33 indicated that fruit drink intake was significantly linked with a higher risk of obesity among women. In addition, added sweet or sugar foods were positively associated with BMI in the women.34 Excess sugar intake among sweets and desserts was a significant contributor to the development of overweight or obesity.35,36

Over the past decades, the socioeconomic level has changed dramatically in China, especially in the southwest region. The transition from the traditional dietary pattern characterized by a high intake of vegetables, grains, and legumes to the Western model had occurred.37,38 It was observed that western dietary pattern had a higher incident risk of obesity and there was a marginally raised trend in the incident risk of obesity as western pattern levels in this study. Several studies have demonstrated that Chinese who had a western dietary pattern were more likely to suffer from obesity.39,40 Some similar findings were also reported among children and adolescents.12,41,42 One of possible reasons might be that meat and meat products are rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids,43,44 which could increase the risk of suffering from obesity to a certain degree.45 However, Daneshzad et al46 demonstrated that there was no significant association between total meat consumption and obesity based on a meta-analysis of observational studies. Therefore, more prospective studies are needed to clarify the association between red meat and total meat, and obesity.

Moreover, given the topographical characteristics of the Guizhou region, a wide range of potato products, boiled, fried, or mashed, were widely consumed in the local area. As a staple food in the western world, potatoes, an energy-dense food, played a significant role in the western diet pattern, and contributed greater amounts of carbohydrates to the diet.47 Foods containing more starches and refined carbohydrates were positively associated with weight gain.48 A meta-analysis confirmed that weight change was positively associated with the consumption of potatoes (boiled or mashed potatoes, potato chips, and French fries).49 Halkjaer et al50 also reported that total potato intake was associated with the increase in waist circumstances in women. However, the evidence for a link between potato intake and the risk of obesity remains controversial.51,52

Based on this 10-year community population-based cohort in Southwest China,53 this study extended the evidence on the association between dietary patterns and incident obesity. Also, this study collected data through FFQ rather than 24h dietary recall to get long-term usual intake more accurately.41,54 However, there were some main limitations in the study. First, the outcome of obesity was only assessed by BMI and did not include those measures of central obesity such as waistline in this study, which may underestimate the incidence of obesity. Second, over several years of follow-up, the daily diet measured on baseline may be time-varying to bias our findings but we did not collect detailed diet information in the follow-up of this study. Third, Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed with the strata by physical activity to meet Proportional Hazards Assumption. In addition, some possible confounding factors such as medications, family history of obesity or genetic variants related to obesity were not collected in this study, which may bias the findings from this study. Our findings in this southwest Chinese population need to be confirmed or clarified by more prospective studies over different populations. For future studies, associations between diets and obesity measured by waistline or body composition should be explored, and genediet interactions on developing obesity should be considered, too.

In summary, there was a high risk of incident obesity among this Chinese community population of Southwest China. Also, four dietary patterns were identified in this community population of Southwest China, and junk food and western pattern increased risks of incident obesity. The findings provided new evidence for obesity prevention and control from the dietary perspective, especially for the Chinese population. Urgent intervention is called to be developed to promote a healthy dietary pattern and prevent the becoming obesity.

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of the center of disease control and prevention of Guizhou Province (No. S2017-02).

Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before the data collection.

This work was supported by the Guizhou Province Science and Technology Support Program (Qiankehe [2018]2819).

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.

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2. Hansen L, Netterstrm MK, Johansen NB, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity and ischemic heart disease: a 10-year follow-up of the inter99 study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(6):19341942. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-3346

3. Baena-Dez JM, Byram AO, Grau M, et al. Obesity is an independent risk factor for heart failure: Zona Franca Cohort study. Clin Cardiol. 2010;33(12):760764. doi:10.1002/clc.20837

4. Maggio CA, Pi-Sunyer FX. Obesity and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32(4):805822, viii. doi:10.1016/S0889-8529(03)00071-9

5. Riob Servn P. Obesity and diabetes. Nutr Hosp. 2013;28(Suppl 5):138143. doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup5.6929

6. Zhang T, Chen J, Tang X, Luo Q, Xu D, Yu B. Interaction between adipocytes and high-density lipoprotein: new insights into the mechanism of obesity-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(1):223. doi:10.1186/s12944-019-1170-9

7. Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju SN, Wormser D, et al.; Global BMIMC. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):776786. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1

8. Saitta C, Pollicino T, Raimondo G. Obesity and liver cancer. Ann Hepatol. 2019;18(6):810815. doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2019.07.004

9. Wang Y, Xue H, Sun M, Zhu X, Zhao L, Yang Y. Prevention and control of obesity in China. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(9):e1166e1167. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30276-1

10. Ma S, Xi B, Yang L, Sun J, Zhao M, Bovet P. Trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults between 1993 and 2015. Int J Obes. 2021;45(2):427437. doi:10.1038/s41366-020-00698-x

11. Pan XF, Wang L, Pan A. Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(6):373392. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00045-0

12. Liu D, Zhao LY, Yu DM, et al. Dietary patterns and association with obesity of children aged 617 years in medium and small cities in China: findings from the CNHS 20102012. Nutrients. 2018;11(1):3. doi:10.3390/nu11010003

13. Shin KO, Oh SY, Park HS. Empirically derived major dietary patterns and their associations with overweight in Korean preschool children. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(2):416421. doi:10.1017/S0007114507720226

14. Hu FB. Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13(1):39. doi:10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002

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TOKYO -- Japanese YouTuber "GaaSyy," who was elected to Japan's House of Councillors on the ticket of the NHK Party, remains overseas and has not attended Diet sessions, with reports earlier this year that he was residing in Dubai. The head of the chamber's Committee on Rules and Administration has requested that he quickly return to Japan and appear in the Diet.

Many people may think that GaaSyy, whose real name is Yoshikazu Higashitani, should step down as a Diet member if he has no record of activities in his elected role. If he continues to remain absent it is possible that the upper house Committee on Discipline could discuss punishment including expelling him as a member of the chamber. But this is no simple matter.

Being voted in carries a great deal of significance for any candidate, not just GaaSyy. This is because it is the will of the people, which has the greatest value in a democracy. Diet members, in principle, have immunity from arrest during Diet sessions, though they can be arrested when caught in the act of a crime or when the house approves of it. This is stipulated in Articles 50 of Japan's Constitution, which states: "Except in cases provided by law, members of both Houses shall be exempt from apprehension while the Diet is in session, and any members apprehended before the opening of the session shall be freed during the term of the session upon demand of the House."

Article 51 of the supreme law further stipulates: "Members of both Houses shall not be held liable outside the House for speeches, debates or votes cast inside the House."

These constitutional stipulations are designed to protect the status of Diet members. It has been common throughout history and across the world -- not to mention in Russia -- for members of parliament to be arrested over words and actions that are unfavorable to the government. To ensure that such a thing never happens, Diet members in Japan are protected to a degree that may seem excessive at first glance.

Regarding the expulsion of Diet members, the second clause of Article 58 of the Constitution states: "Each House shall establish its rules pertaining to meetings, proceedings and internal discipline, and may punish members for disorderly conduct. However, in order to expel a member, a majority of two-thirds or more of those members present must pass a resolution thereon." A majority of two-thirds rather than a simple majority is a high hurdle, but still, there are deep-rooted views that this stipulation should be applied with caution.

The NHK Party says that GaaSyy is not returning to Japan because he will carry out his activities as a Diet member while living overseas. We cannot easily claim that his actions do not constitute political activities. There is a wide scope for determining what kind of activities are political. And if it turns out he is not doing his job satisfactorily, then the public has the option of voting him out in the next election.

Some people may say they cannot understand GaaSyy's approach, but if the principles protecting Diet members were loosened without caution, the move could return to haunt the country. While it is unthinkable for the current government to unfairly arrest lawmakers, we cannot rule out the possibility of a government that could do that surfacing in Japan in the future.

Parliamentary privileges stipulated in the Constitution act as a last line of defense to prevent the government's abuse of power.

(Mainichi political premier editorial division)

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Love CocaCola, but prefer to opt for a zero-calorie, sugar-free option? Then youve probably reached for Coke Zero or Diet Coke. Both are great alternatives to the original Coca-Cola, but what is the difference between the two?

If youre a Coca-Cola connoisseur, you may already know the answer to this question. Turns out, the difference between Coke Zero and Diet Coke really comes down to one thing: the taste.

The ingredients lists are similar for both products. They contain carbonated water, caramel color, phosphoric acid, and aspartame (among other things). But Coke Zero is formulated with the original taste of Coca-Cola in mind, while Diet Coke has a completely different blend of flavors, providing a lighter taste.

Sugar-free shouldnt have to mean having fewer options, Anna Wheeler, Health and Nutrition Manager at Coca-Cola Great Britain, wrote in an article answering this highly-debated question.

Diet Coke has a few ingredients that Coke Zero lacks (potassium citrate and acesulfame potassium), which contribute to its lighter taste. Coke Zero, on the other hand, contains citric acid, which Diet Coke does not, ultimately creating different flavors between the two.

So, while they sound similar and promise to accomplish the same thing: giving you a taste of Coca-Cola without the added sugar and calories, the blend of flavors is completely different. Can you taste the difference?

Are you wondering what the difference between Coke and Pepsi isnow? We got you covered there, too.

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By Chayil Champion September 28, 2022

When a client tells me they want to go on a diet, I say, OK, lets look at this diet and see what you have to sacrifice to make it work, said Deviny Mo, manager of UCLA Health Sports Performance powered by Exos. Are you sacrificing taste? Are you sacrificing how you shop? When you go out with friends, do you get to eat what you want? You need to ask these questions, because if youre making all of these sacrifices to follow a diet plan, then clearly it is unsustainable.

Mo is referring to short-term goal-oriented dieting, which often culminates with a return to poor habits once the goal has been reached.

A better approach, she said, is to aim toward developing healthy eating habits that are sustainable over the long term.

Some people do succeed with restrictive diets. But diets are not one-size-fits-all. One person can find success with intermittent fasting while another has better results with a Mediterranean or paleo diet.

Too often, however, dieting becomes unsustainable because people do not take into account their bodys nutritional needs and what may be lacking when they cut out certain foods on a restrictive diet.

You have to ask yourself, Can I eat like this day in and day out? said Mo. Once the diet is over, what am I going back to?

Changing short-term diet goals to longstanding healthy eating habits is key. What can you do to change the composition of your meals and snacks? Mo asks. Also, can you change the frequency of your meals and snacks? Then you have to look at consistency to make sure you can maintain this on a daily basis.

Such changes should be done progressively and with the help of a dietitian or a certified nutritionist. Some useful tips include adding more vegetables to one corner of your plate each day; replace a bag of chips with healthy nuts; or grab a piece of fresh fruit instead of a sugary sweet to curb cravings.

Nobody says it will be easy. Changing our eating habits to achieve a healthier lifestyle is challenging. Our brains and bodies have been trained to enjoy the sweet and savory foods we consume, and exchanging those foods for healthier, albeit perhaps not as tasty, choices can mess with our psyches. When a craving hits, we may find ourselves spooning down a pint of our favorite ice cream.

The result, alas, often is shame and remorse as we are wiping the evidence of that binge off our lips. But Mo said we shouldnt feel that way.

How do you feel after you finish eating something? Mo asked. You dont have to feel guilty because you splurge on something. Its OK.

Instead, take the 80/20 approach to create a positive relationship with food and still sometimes eat the foods you really enjoy.

Eighty percent of the time you want to try to eat healthy and eat well, Mo said. This is good during the weekdays. You can time your meals and snacks around your work hours; that way, the nutrition stays consistent with your lifestyle. On the weekends, when youre out with friends, you can treat yourself."

If you truly want a healthy lifestyle, you have to invest in your nutrition, said Mo. That investment, in the long run, is going to improve your quality of life.

Learn more about nutrition.

Tags: diet, eating healthy, Fitness & Nutrition, fruits and vegetables, intermittent fasting, keto diet, Mediterranean diet, paleo diet, Top Stories, vegan diet, Wellness

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Obesity can seriously compromise a persons physical and mental health. It is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health and is a known risk factor for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancersall of which are leading causes of preventable, premature death.

Rates of obesity have tripled since 1975, over 41% of adults and almost 20% of children in the U.S. are classed as obese. People are considered obese if they have an excess of body fat and a Body Mass Index (BMI) over 30.

BMI is a simple but rather controversial measurement, defined as a persons weight in kilograms divided by the square of their height in meters (kg/m2).

Recently, researchers at Baylor College of Medicine suggested that obesity risk in humans may be determined by environmental and genetic factors during early development and argue that obesity should be considered a neurodevelopmental disease.

Study lead Dr. Robert A. Waterland, professor at Baylor College of Medicine, told Medical News Today:

[] genetic variation certainly contributes to individual differences in body weight, early environmental influences on the development of body weight regulatory mechanisms (developmental programming) may, in general, play a bigger role in determining individual propensity to obesity.

The work published in the journal Science Advances uses epigenetics to show that obesity is linked to nutrition during certain phases of development.

A number of things such as poor diet, lack of physical exercise, and a lack of good sleep, are known to increase the risk of obesity.

The type and amount of food eaten are also directly linked to obesity risk, consuming an excess of calories and burning very few will create a calorie surplus leading to weight gain. That said, the public health message to eat less and exercise more hasnt stemmed the tide of obesity.

Once seen as a result of a lack of will and self-restraint, the biological nature of obesity has been shown to be much more complex. Indeed, prenatal and early life studies have linked undernutrition to obesity in rats.

The effect of nutrition during early development in human studies has shown famine during the first trimester of pregnancy resulted in higher obesity rates, but famine during the last trimester and the first months of life was linked with lower levels of obesity.

It is widely accepted that body weight is also influenced by genetics. The CDC reports over 50 different genes that have been associated with obesity. Genes determine the signals that are transmitted by hormones to the brain, where they direct the body to eat or move.

Large-scale human genome studies have found changes in genes linked to BMI are expressed in the developing brain.

Epigenetics studies the way genes work, allowing scientists to study how behavior and environment can alter how genes work. Epigenetic changes dont change the sequence of the DNA, they change how the body reads the DNA sequence.

For this study, mice ages 2 to 4 months were monitored through pregnancy and their pups were studied through post-natal development.

Whole genome analysis and RNA sequencing were completed on neuron and glia cells and studied for epigenetic markers and gene expression. Specifically, the researchers used tissue from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of the brain, the area that controls hunger and satiety.

The researchers noted the post-natal period in mice is critical for epigenetic changes linked to obesity and energy balance regulation, suggesting obesity could be a consequence of dysregulated epigenetic maturation, according to Dr. Harry MacKay, the studys first author.

Interestingly, when comparing the epigenetic data with data from human genome studies the investigators found a strong correlation between regions of the human genome linked to BMI and the areas of epigenetic changes in mice, leading to the suggestion that adult obesity may be determined in part by epigenetic development in the arcuate nucleus.

The authors propose this new understanding may create effective interventions to prevent obesity this work provides the argument that prenatal and early postnatal development can at least in part determine human obesity risk.

[E]vidence from the last several decades indicates that once an individual is obese, it is extremely difficult to achieve a normal body weight. And, when obese adults do succeed in losing substantial weight, it is extremely difficult to maintain the weight loss in the long term. It is our hope that an improved understanding of the developmental neuroepigenetic mechanisms underlying the establishment of body weight regulation will enable effective approaches to prevent obesity. Dr. Robert A. Waterland

When asked if the work could lead to new nutritional recommendations for pregnancy, Dr. Waterland commented that the current research, which was conducted in mice, does not provide a basis for making nutritional recommendations for humans. Although we dont yet have the data, it is a reasonable guess that the postnatal epigenetic maturation we cataloged in this mouse study occurs during late fetal development in humans.

[] such data would bolster existing recommendations that women try to achieve a healthy body weight prior to becoming pregnant, as maternal obesity during pregnancy not only raises the risk of pregnancy complications like preterm birth and gestational diabetes but also appears to promote lifelong positive energy balance in her developing child, he added.

The study is not without limitations.

The nature of the ever-changing cell population during early development makes interpreting the data complicated, it is possible that changes in the cell population between the time points may affect the results.

The authors plan to overcome this in future studies by using more time points and using computational modeling.

The next step for the research is to extend it into human studies.

[] an obvious next step is to determine when this BMI-associated epigenetic maturation occurs in humans. Because many neurodevelopmental processes occur earlier in humans than in mice, it is likely that this hypothalamic epigenetic maturation occurs during late fetal development in humans, said Dr. Waterland.

[A]n obvious next step would be to try to determine if maternal obesity during pregnancy somehow impairs these developmental changes, resulting in persistently impaired regulation of energy balance in her child. Dr. Robert A. Waterland

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