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Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market

The latest report on Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market provides an overall assessment of the world market Testosterone Cypionate Injection by classifying it into terminal applications, types and regions. The report presents a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape and strategies that have positively influenced the market. Furthermore, the report provides an overview of current market dynamics by looking at different key segments based on product, types, applications, end-to-end industries and market scenario.

The Testosterone Cypionate Injection market research report concentrates on the analysis of demand and supply at the regional and national global level. From a global perspective, the report presents Testosterone Cypionate Injection markets per size, analysing historical data and future perspectives. The report focuses on a number of key areas, including North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and the West.

2020 has been considered the base year and the report provides a market estimate for 2020-2029. The report looks at the world market for the Testosterone Cypionate Injection (size, capacity, production and consumption) in key regions.

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Chapter 1:- An overview of the market includes the definition, specifications and classification of the market Testosterone Cypionate Injection, characteristics, scope and applications.

Chapter 2:- Analysis of product costs and prices: structure of manufacturing costs, cost of raw materials and suppliers, manufacturing process, structure of the industrial chain.

Chapter 3:- Market demand and supply analysis which includes commercial production capacity and date, distribution of manufacturing plants, R&D status and technology source, analysis of raw material sources.

Chapter 4:- Forces that keep the marketplace going.

Chapter 5 and 6:- Regional Market Analysis that includes North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India, Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Analysis (by Type).

Chapter 7 and 8:- Industrial structure, Demand and Supply Gap Analysis.

Chapter 9:- Market Trend Analysis, Regional Market Trend, Market Trend according to Product Type.

Chapter 10:- Testosterone Cypionate Injection Turnover Channels, Distributors, Retailers, Dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, Appendix along with Data Source.

About Us:We, Regal Intelligence, aim to change the dynamics of market research backed by quality data. Our analysts validate data with exclusive qualitative and analytics driven intelligence. We meticulously plan our research process and execute in order to explore the potential market for getting insightful details. Our prime focus is to provide reliable data based on public surveys using data analytics techniques. If you have come here, you might be interested in highly reliable data driven market insights for your product/service,reach us here 24/7.

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Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Analysis, Exhaustive Size Was Estimated At Over USD Xx Billion In 2020 And Is Likely To Exceed USD Xx Billion...

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Not to get super old-school on you, but we all know that fitness trends come and go. One thing that never goes out of style? Treadmill workouts. They're just too darn versatile - cardio sessions that can help you work up a sweat, build endurance, and even lose weight, especially if you opt for intervals.

In fact, treadmill interval training has multiple weight loss benefits, said Heather Milton, MS, exercise physiologist supervisor at NYU Langone Health's Sports Performance Center. This style of training (also known as HIIT, or high-intensity interval training), has been scientifically proven to burn more fat than moderate-intensity, steady-state workouts, according to a 2019 review. HIIT workouts are also known for triggering something called the EPOC (excess postexercise oxygen consumption) effect, which means the workout is so intense, your body continues to burn a modest amount of calories even after it's over.

It's important to note that, while exercise like this workout is a key part of weight loss, your diet and other healthy habits are crucial too. You want to eat a balanced, nutritious diet (think: veggies, whole grains, healthy fats like avocados, and lean protein like chicken and fish) while also prioritizing sleep and staying in a modest calorie deficit. Milton also recommended balancing cardio workouts with strength training, which helps to build muscle and boost your metabolism.

Milton created this treadmill interval workout to be a "safe and effective" way to help with your weight loss goals. It's 25 minutes long and you'll be feeling every second of it, but the sweat is all worth it in the end! Hop on the treadmill, ramp up the speed, and get ready to burn some calories.

Related: If You Have Back or Knee Pain, You May Need to Strengthen Your Hips - Here's How

Directions: Start with a bodyweight warmup, then begin the treadmill interval workout listed below. After the workout, cool down with a full-body stretching session.

Story continues

This workout is based on your rate of perceived exertion (RPE), aka how hard it feels like you're working. A zero means you're at rest, while a 10 is your greatest possible effort, going so hard you have to stop.

Time Notes RPE 0:00-2:00 Jog lightly at warmup pace 2-3 2:00-3:00 Slowly increase your speed. Try starting at 5.5 mph with a 5 percent grade, adjusting as necessary. 7-8 3:00-4:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 4:00-5:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 5:00-6:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 6:00-7:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 7:00-8:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 8:00-9:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 9:00-10:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 10:00-11:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 11:00-12:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 12:00-13:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 13:00-14:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 14:00-15:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 15:00-16:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 16:00-17:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 17:00-18:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 18:00-19:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 19:00-20:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 20:00-21:00 Slowly increase your speed. 7-8 21:00-22:00 Slowly decrease your speed back to the warmup pace. 2-3 21:00-22:00 Cooldown walk at around 2.5 mph. 2

Love trying new workouts? Want a community to share your fitness goals with? Come join our Facebook group POPSUGAR Workout Club. There, you can find advice on making the best out of every sweat session and everything else you need to help you on your road to healthy living.

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This 25-Minute Treadmill Workout Is Expert-Approved to Help You Lose Weight - Yahoo Lifestyle

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When our VCR gave up the ghost, I went to the local YMCA, finally investing in presentable work-out clothes for step, kick-boxing, spinning, pilates, boot camp, body pump, and Zumba, during which I achieved new levels of personal humiliation.

For me, the problem wasnt exercise. It was the can of Pringles Id eat later that afternoon. No matter how many miles I shuffled or Y classes I took, I always knew that my weight loss goals would fail without a proper diet plan.

An old favorite was The Cleveland Clinic diet, which had nothing to do with the famed hospital, and was also slanderously called the three-day Army diet, the American Heart Association diet and the hot dog and ice cream diet. I usually achieved success, losing ten pounds in three days. The only problem? On the fourth day when normal eating resumed, Id gain it all back.

I invested in Weight Watchers, a healthy subscription plan involving a points system, nifty daily journals, recipe cards and weekly meetings. I lost a few pounds; however, I found the strict privacy of the weigh-ins to be a disappointment. I mean, whats more motivating than a bit of public fat shaming?

Eventually, I discovered Sugar Busters, Adkins, Dukan and their ilk, which began a long odyssey of low-carb self-denial, during which I believed in strict adherence to an eating plan that looked like Cool Hand Luke at a Brazilian meat festival. At first, the notion of unlimited butter, bacon, cheese and chicken skin was liberating. But I developed unfamiliar feelings like cravings for vegetables and worried that I might grow carnivorous fangs.

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The Meat and Potatoes of Life: What I learned while losing, gaining the same 10 pounds - Hanford Sentinel

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During a week of sabotaged sleep due to Netflix binges and social scrolling, are you doomed to brain fog and constant distraction? A recent study in the journal Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry offers a potential hack: Have some coffee.

Researchers in Germany looked at 26 participants who agreed to five nights of sleep restrictiongetting just five hours of sleepand daytime testing of their alertness, reaction times, memory, and accuracy on tasks. Half of the group had a cup of coffee at breakfast and another after lunch, while the other half had decaffeinated coffee.

Those with the caffeinated beverages showed significantly better performance on the daytime tests, especially in terms of sustained attention, compared to those drinking decaf. However, both groups reported feeling sleepiness during the day, which means that even the coffee couldn't provide a physical energy boost. (Related: 15 Underrated Weight Loss Tips That Actually Work).

Although coffee can give you a temporary mental lift, it's important to realize it's not a long-term replacement for quality sleep, says W. Chris Winter, MD, president of Charlottesville Neurology and Sleep Medicine, and author of "The Sleep Solution."

"Unfortunately, it doesn't take long for sleep disruption to begin causing issues with your health, including reduced immune system function, daytime sleepiness, and even weight gain," he says. "That includes sleeping too little, and even sleeping too much."

For example, a study in the journal Sleep found that both short and long sleeping times predict an increased risk of not just weight gain, but also fat gain in otherwise healthy adults.

Even in the recent study, the effects of caffeinated coffee didn't last. Despite feeling refreshed by the beverage for three or four days during a week of restricted sleep, participants started to tank by the fifth day. At that point, there was no difference in attention or cognitive function compared to those who had the decaffeinated coffee.

That means if you've had a night or two of bad sleep and need to rally some brainpower for work or school, coffee can help. But in addition to that temporary fix, Winter suggests putting more effort into developing solid sleep habits like going to bed and waking up at the same times every day, not having caffeine in the evening, and limiting screen time before sleep.

"The more you focus on getting good sleep, the healthier you'll be overall," says Winter. "Plus, solid sleep tends to sync up with other great habits like exercising regularly, getting fresh air, and eating healthy foods."

For more tips, be sure to read 20 Foods More Energizing Than a Cup of Coffee and 8 Ways to Support a Healthy Immune System, According to Harvard.

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One Surprising Side Effect of Drinking Coffee, According to Science | Eat This Not That - Eat This, Not That

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FEBRUARY 1, 2021 Updated 4 hours ago

Ideasroom

New Zealand is near the top of the list for countries with rampant levels of diabetes. Professor Jim Mann lays out the options for a nutritional approach to type 2 diabetes.

Despite levels of diabetes and obesity reaching epidemic proportions in New Zealand, successive governments have failed to develop a national plan to manage and prevent these diseases. Several recent studies, highlighted in a previous Newsroom article and the latest UNICEF Innocenti report card, place New Zealand near the top of the list for this epidemic.

Public health researchers are calling on the Government to address the obesity and diabetes pandemic, in the same way it has listened and taken on board the need for urgent action with the Covid-19 pandemic.

Some solutions are staring us in the face.Dietary advice has been a cornerstone of treatment for people with type 2 diabetes for many years. And now for the first time a dietary intervention has been shown to influence the structure of the pancreas and its potential to recover with appropriate changes to dietary habits. Based on this evidence, health experts want an urgent national campaign to implement tried and tested nutrition treatments as well as results of recent research.

Nutritional therapy for diabetes

Weight loss has long been known to improve overall blood glucose control. For those who require insulin treatment theres also a need to monitor dietary carbohydrate to avoid blood glucose levels going too low or high. Reducing dietary saturated fats and sodium, along with increasing consumption of fibre-rich wholegrains and pulses, have the potential to lower cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose levels, all changes which would be expected to translate into long term health benefits.

Benefits of dietary fibre

Recent research published in 2020 provides strengthened evidence regarding the potential benefit of less-processed wholegrain foods on glucose levels. In addition to the well-established beneficial effects on risk factors, there is now also direct evidence for the potential of dietary fibre to reduce the risk of developing diabetes in addition to reducing risk of complications and death in those with established disease.

A series of large analyses of all available evidence clearly showed that those who chose fibre-rich diets have a 20% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those consuming a low-fibre diet. However, an intake of at least 25 grams daily (well above the average intake of New Zealanders) is necessary to achieve appreciable risk reduction.

These researchers also found (in another review) that in people who had already developed diabetes, risk of premature mortality was reduced among high fibre eaters.

These findings complement earlier research showing that, a diet high in fibre-rich foods, low in saturated fat and designed to reduce overweight, in conjunction with increased physical activity, radically reduce risk of progression to full blown type 2 diabetes in those with prediabetes.

New study shows total remission of type 2 diabetes with improved pancreas structure

It has always been assumed that diabetes, once it develops, can only be controlled rather than cured. Bariatric surgery or appreciable weight loss in type 2 diabetes can result in considerable improvement in blood glucose control to the extent that medication can be reduced or sometimes withdrawn. However, it has been widely assumed that type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease.

But now the DiRECT study in the UK has demonstrated total remission of type 2 diabetes, including the withdrawal of glucose lowering medications, for periods of up to 3 years. The intervention involved an initial period of marked weight loss (typically around 15kg) induced by using very low-calorie formula diets. This was followed by the gradual reintroduction of a conventional diet aimed to ensure long term weight maintenance. Remarkably, the majority of participants who reached the target weight loss achieved remission of type 2 diabetes.

A recently published paper from the DiRECT study has further demonstrated the remarkable potential of this dietary intervention to influence the disease process. The researchers compared the appearance of the pancreas in responders with those who did not achieve their targeted weight loss. They showed that those who responded to the dietary intervention had a pancreas with a more regular appearance, and which contained less fat than the pancreas of those who did not achieve the targets.

NZ Government action needed now

Diabetes has now reached epidemic proportions in New Zealand. Given the now overwhelming evidence demonstrating the benefit of dietary change to reduce the risk of developing diabetes at the population level, and of nutrition therapy to successfully treat those with prediabetes and diabetes, we ask why is nothing happening?

Now that the evidence is clear, a national campaign to promote changes in eating habits, as well as measures at the local (DHB) level to ensure the availability of dietitians, nutritionists and other health professionals, are urgently needed. The newly-elected New Zealand Government must take on board the imperative for action with regard to this epidemic of diabetes, as it has done in acknowledging the importance of tackling infectious disease.

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Diabetes solutions staring us in the face - Newsroom

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Dozens of clinics that have cropped up around the U.S. to address a puzzling and troubling aspect of COVID-19: aftereffects that linger for some people weeks and months after the infection itself has subsided. (Jan. 19) AP Domestic

Edelmira Rivera was lying on her bed with her husband and 16-month-old son selecting amovie when she heard a loud bang outside their home in Waco, Texas.

Then her sisterscreamed,"Fire!"

"I dropped everything and just grabbed my son and his blanket," said Rivera, 22."I could not smell anything. I was so shocked to see the fire at the front door."

Rivera tested positive for COVID-19 and lost her sense of smellon Jan. 14. Early the next morning, a fire broke out on the other side of her bedroom wall, less than a foot from where she was lying.But Rivera couldn't smell it, nor could the family of four who was staying with them.

Her sister, Bianca Rivera, 19, smelled something burning from the other side of the house, initially thinking her sister had burned popcorn in the kitchen.When she smelled burning plastic, Rivera walked out of her room and saw smoke in the hallway,quickly usheringseven people and three dogs out of the home before fire consumed it.

Edelmira Rivera, 22, poses with her husband and son in Waco, Texas.(Photo: Provided by Edelmira Rivera)

Like Rivera, millions of people worldwide have suffered changes to their sense of smell or taste after contracting COVID-19. In most cases, the symptoms usually only last a few weeks.

But a year into the pandemic, researchers still aren't sure when some COVID-19 survivors may get their senses back if ever and many are struggling with the long-termsafety, hygiene and psychiatricimplications of the loss.

"As the pandemic has rolled on, we've gotten a better idea about the long-term, chronic effects of COVID on smell and taste," said Dr. Jay Piccirillo, an ENT and professor at the Washington University School of Medicine who studies the topic. "The things we've learned suggest that most people recover smell and taste, but not all."

In the coming year, there will be at least a million new cases of people in the U.S. with chronically diminished senses of smell or taste due to COVID-19,Piccirillo predicts.

Studiessuggest up to 80% of people who have COVID-19 symptoms experience smell or taste dysfunction, with a significant association between the two senses. Some experience reduced ability to smell or taste. Some have acomplete loss. And some experience distorted senses, where certain tastes and smells change or become unpleasant an increasingly common outcome, called "parosmia."

Dr. Evan Reiter, an ENT and professor at Virginia Commonwealth University who studies the issue, said he's seeing similar rates of patients reporting dysfunction with smell as with taste.

Fact check: Burnt oranges, brown sugar won't restore senses lost to COVID-19

"In general, anytime youre eating something, it hits the taste buds in your mouth, and youre smelling the vapors in your food at the same time, so you brain puts it all together to determine how you perceive the taste of food," Reiter said.

Most people regain their senses within a few weeks, but approximately 5-10% will continue to have symptoms after six months, Piccirillo said. At that point, they may not ever return, he said.

Scientists have known since the early days of the pandemic that smell-taste disturbance is associated with milder cases of COVID-19, and with cases in younger people. Astudy published earlier this month in the Journal of Internal Medicine reinforced the conclusions.

Sniffing out COVID-19: Ohio State study proposes using hard candy to test for symptoms

Among more than 2,500 COVID-19 patients at 18 European hospitals in the study, more than 74% self-reporteda distorted sense of smell and 46% a distorted sense of taste. The vast majority of both categories wereyounger patients and thosewith milder cases.

The good news is that more than half of the patients with smell distortions saw their symptoms disappear within a month, rising to 95% of patients by six months, according to the study. For those remaining 5%, the future remains unclear.

Dr. Pam Dalton, a researcher at theMonell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, said patientsshould not give up hope. Some people who have lost their sense of smell due to rhinoviruses, which cause common colds,have regained the sense after several years, she said.

"There is evidence from other viruses that may disrupt the system in different ways that recovery can occur after six months," Dalton said. "There isn't a cut-off beyond which all hope should be abandoned."

Loss of smell or taste can have a severe impact on quality of life and make it harder to identify dangers in the environment, such as gas leaks or spoiled food, experts say. For professions that rely on the senses, loss of smell or taste can be career-ending. It can alter relationships, degrade mental health and result in severe weight loss or gain.

New York City resident Lyss Stern, 46, said she's gained 30 pounds since she lost her senses of smell and taste in late March, when she had a mild case of COVID-19 for six weeks. She's too fatigued to exercise, and she eatsa lot of carbs because she likes the way they feel in her mouth.

Tracking COVID-19 vaccine distribution by state: How many people have been vaccinated in the US?

Lyss Stern said her son, Oliver, 13, recently blindfolded her and took some food items out of the pantry to see if she could taste any of them. "She started crying because she was so scared," he said. "I hugged her. It was the scariest thing ever."(Photo: Provided by Lyss Stern)

Stern said she has identified a dozen foods that she can still taste,and she goes to the same pickle shop every week to stock up on a variety of flavors. Last month, Stern smelled an orange againfor the first time and started crying. And a few weeks ago, she got a whiff of a cookie when she walked past a bakery.

"It can be depressing and upsetting," Stern said. "Everything to me just tastes gross. But Im not going to let that get me down now or ever. Im here. So many people didnt survive this beast."

Stern said her family is in the process of moving apartments, and she plans to set up smoke and gas detectors in the new home right away. "Its very scary," Stern said. "If there's a leak, I can't smell it."

Many patients who lose their sense of smell or taste also struggle with social anxiety and hygiene concerns, experts said. Piccirillo said parents often report wishing they knew when their child's diaper neededto be changed and when they may unknowingly be subjecting friends or family to a foul smell.

"People will report never wearing an item ofclothing more than once because they're afraid it might smell of their body odor and they cant detect it. And the same thing goes with a lot of different social interactions," Dalton said.

Gail Pav, 53, of Long Beach, Mississippi, has to ask her husband to taste-test their meals and let her know when there's something smelly in the trash can. She had a mild case of COVID-19 in September a stuffy nose for a few days, but never a fever. Ever since, her senses have been off.

"This week, the coffee was tasting funny. Ive been having some really weird smells going on, like fuel. Its so weird,"said Pav, who still wears perfume every day. "I've got a new grandbaby, and I just want to be able to smell Stella."

Gail and Matt Pav pose with their granddaughter, Stella.(Photo: Provided by Gail Pav)

For some COVID-19 survivors, the loss of smell or taste can be "crippling,"Piccirillo said. "With all the quality of life problems (during the pandemic), to now be isolated by sense of smell, or worse, distortionit's very sad," he said.

Dr. Simone Wildes, an infectious disease physician at South Shore Health in Massachusetts, said it's frustrating that there are"no specific therapies or more supportive advice" that she can give to patients. Many of her patients with loss of smell or taste have turned to online support groups.

With increasing reports of more transmissible coronavirus variants, Wildes said she's worried greater spread may result in more cases with loss of smell or taste.

"It does not have to be deadly for you to end up with something very distressing in your life," Wildes said. "For some people its temporary, but for some, it may be permanent."

Anita Levine, 64, of New York state, contracted COVID-19 in March. She has visited the ER for lingering issues more than a dozen times since then and was hospitalized for a week in October. She finally returned to her job at a bank last month, but she said its "frustrating" to see people walking around outside without face masks. Levine said she cant taste anything, and shes lost a lot of weight. "Sometimes you want to smell the wood fire burning in the fall and the taste of a good cup of coffee. I more enjoy the heat of the coffee than the actual coffee itself," she said. "I want to say I do my best, but its real tough."(Photo: Provided by Anita Levine)

Research into how the coronavirus disruptssenses of taste and smell is ongoing. In July, dozens of researchers published a paper suggesting the coronavirus changes the sense of smell in patients not by directly infecting smell-detecting neurons but by affecting the function of supporting cells.

Now, researchers are beginning to look at human autopsy data to assess the initial theory, said Dr. Sandeep Robert Datta, a professor of neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and one of the study co-authors. Data available so far is "broadly consistent" with the hypothesis, Datta said, but he's keeping an open mind.

"Never before in recent medical history have there been so many people who have lost their sense of smell or lost taste for this period of time," Datta said. "We need to make a serious basic science effort to help physicians deal with the patients who are flooding their offices."

Otherresearchers are looking into whether the coronavirus attacks the taste system independently of the smell system.

Are patients losing taste as a direct result of smell loss? Or are they also losing chemical sensitivity in their mouths? Valentina Parma, a researcher at Temple University who studies the senses of smell and taste, said that, for now, "the jury is still out" on what mechanism is affecting taste in patients with COVID-19.

The science behind smell loss: Why do so many COVID-19 patients lose their sense of smell? Scientists now know.

Treatment options for people with loss or distortion of smell or taste are limited,experts said. There's some research on steroid and vitamin treatments. There's also a long-used technique called olfactory training, where patients who have lost their sense of smell sniff various essential oils for a brief time each day for several weeks.

"For those patients who have (distortions of smell), we think it's some sort of miswiring. When they see coffee, they small oranges," Piccirillo said. "Through olfactory training, you can maybe rewire them. Thats the hypothesis."

Piccirillo and his team are conducting an olfactory training trial with COVID-19 patients. The trainingtraditionally features four scents:rose, lemon, cloveand eucalyptus. For his trial,Piccirillo is allowing one group of participants to select their preferred scents to test if the approachis moreeffective with scents that are important to people.

"The No. 1 scent people want to train on? Smoke,"Piccirillo said. "Its makes them so scared they cant smell smoke or natural gas."

Piccirillo and his team have seen a "tidal wave" of study participants. They're also starting a clinical trial looking at the drug theophylline, a common asthma medicine.

Both Reiter and Dalton are working with their teams to track the recoveries of COVID-19 patients who have lost their sense of smell. Dalton's team is alsodeveloping a smell screening test to identify people who may have COVID-19. They're deploying the tests to drive-up clinics, as well as to Yale University, where some students are taking thesmell test in addition to twice-weekly molecular tests.

"Its really discouraging with so many people now suffering or who will be suffering," Piccirillo said. "Any way you slice it, this is a big problem, and presents a real challenge to the scientific community to start finding some effective treatment options for people."

Edelmira and Bianca Rivera's home in Waco, Texas, burned down on Jan. 15, 2021.(Photo: Provided by Edelmira Rivera)

Bianca Rivera, who got her family and friends out of the house fire, still doesn't know why she never contracted COVID-19, even after extended exposure to her family and friends when they moved intohotel rooms together after the blaze.

Her sister, Edelmira, regained her sense of smell a few days after the fire, which is under investigation. The family is planning to rebuild their home and install smoke detectors.

"Losing all my shoes, clothes none of that matters to me. It can be replaced. Not having a home for my son ... Im grateful that I still have him. I'm still alive to see him grow," she said.

Rivera said she was initially "skeptical" about COVID-19.

"I thought it was a hoax. I thought it was fake. But actually going through it and losing my smell, its scary," she said. "Sotake it as a reminder to take care of your home, and to take care of yourself."

Follow breaking news reporter Grace Hauck on Twitter at @grace_hauck.

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Millions of COVID-19 survivors have lost the sense of smell and taste. Will they come back? Not even researchers know. - USA TODAY

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Newswise PHILADELPHIA (January 25, 2021) While eating less and moving more are the basics of weight control and obesity treatment, finding ways to help people adhere to a weight-loss regimen is more complicated. Understanding what features make a diet easier or more challenging to follow can help optimize and tailor dietary approaches for obesity treatment.

A new paper from the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing (Penn Nursing) analyzed different dietary approaches and clinical trials to better understand how to optimize adherence and subsequent weight reduction. The findings have been published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.

There is not convincing evidence that one diet is universally easier to adhere to than another for extended periods, a feature necessary for long-term weight management, says Ariana M. Chao, PhD, CRNP, Assistant Professor of Nursing at Penn Nursing and lead investigator of the paper. Progress in improving dietary adherence could result from greater efforts to examine mechanisms underlying interindividual variability in responses to dietary approaches. The more we understand the characteristics of individuals who are trying to lose weight, the more able we may be to identify dietary interventions that facilitate their efforts.

The article detailing the study, Dietary Interventions for Obesity: Clinical and Mechanistic Findings, is available online. Co-authors of the article include Kerry M. Quigley and Thomas A. Wadden, both of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

# # #

About the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing

The University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing is one of the worlds leading schools of nursing. For the fifth year in a row, it is ranked the #1 nursing school in the world by QS University and is consistently ranked highly in the U.S. News & World Report annual list of best graduate schools. Penn Nursing is ranked as one of the top schools of nursing in funding from the National Institutes of Health. Penn Nursing prepares nurse scientists and nurse leaders to meet the health needs of a global society through innovation in research, education, and practice. Follow Penn Nursing on: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, & Instagram.

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Dietary Adherence and the Fight Against Obesity - Newswise

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G. Wayne Miller|The Providence Journal

CRANSTON When Deb Crabtree contracted COVID-19 in November, she experienced several of the telltale afflictions of coronavirus disease: shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness, headaches and what she describes as vague confusion a feeling of being foggy.

Crabtree, 60, a registered nurse, did not require hospitalization, but she did miss several weeks of work. She returned at the end of December. Her symptoms had cleared.

All but the headaches.

She was not prone to them before, but now they are with her daily. And that places her among the so-called long haulers people who have recovered from the acute phase of the disease, but who for weeks or months afterward continue to have symptoms.

Known as long COVID-19or post-COVID-19 syndrome, its persistent symptoms includejoint, chest and muscle pain; depression; intermittent fever; fast-beating hearts; chronic and sometimes debilitating fatigue; difficulty concentrating or thinking, or brain fog; and headaches. Individuals may experience more than one of these maladies. Cardiovascular, lung, kidney, skin and sensory abnormalities also have been reported.

Employed by Bayada Home Health Care, Crabtree specializes in the care of special-needs children and adolescents. She had finished a shift and was driving home on Nov. 11 when her symptoms began.

I started to get this really bad headache, a banging and banging headache, all in the back of my neck, and a little bit of a sore throat, she recalled. I couldn't turn my head left or right without it hurting even more.

Soon, Crabtrees heart began to race and she was short of breath. She tested positive for COVID-19, and during a long period of self-quarantine during which family, friends and her company kept in touch, she said, I was sick as a dog. Very, very sick to my stomach. Her energy depleted, Crabtree subsisted on ginger ale and crackers as she waited to recover.

My motto was, One day at a time, slow and steady wins the race, she said.

deb_crabtree_video_final_cut

Deb Crabtree contracted COVID-19 in November. Today, she still suffers from headaches, placing her in category of long haulers

G. Wayne Miller, The Providence Journal

For long-haulers, the race is a marathon with no certain finish line. Reports of post-COVID-19 syndrome began to surface early in the pandemic, and while studies are underway, it is too soon for scientists to fully understand the physiological mechanisms that are involved, let alone predict an individuals course when and indeed whether normalcy will return.

The syndrome, like the disease itself, remains in its infancy. Unknowns abound.

One is the number of people who suffer from one or more of the symptoms associated with long COVID-19, a calculation made yet more difficult given the fact that health-care providers treating patients may not identify difficulties as coronavirus-related. Chronic fatigue, for example, may have many causes.

Nonetheless, early surveys have provided insight into severity and prevalence.A paper published in late December by the organization Patient Led Research for COVID-19 which is headed by science, public-policy, data and other researchers who contracted the disease showed that of the nearly 4,000 surveyed long-haul respondents from 56 countries, 96% had symptoms lasting longer than 90 days.

Patients with Long COVID report prolonged multisystem involvement and significant disability. Most had not returned to previous levels of work by 6 months. Many patients are not recovered by 7 months, and continue to experience significant symptom burden, concluded the paper, Characterizing Long COVID in an International Cohort: 7 Months of Symptoms and Their Impact, posted on the pre-print servermedRxiv, where researchers often present work for subsequent peer-reviewed publication.

Another study conducted by Kings College London researchers found that 10% of patients continued to experience symptoms after one month, with 1.5% to 2% still having them three months after the acute phase. Women were twice as likely as men to have long COVID-19and the median age was 45, according to the study.

Using the low 1.5% figure, a calculation can be made that nearly 400,000 of the 25.8million Americans who have contracted the disease as of Friday will have persistent symptoms at three months. That same calculation suggests that more than 1,700 Rhode Islanders belong to the three-month long-hauler category as of Friday; using the higher 2% figure, nearly 2,300 Rhode Islanders would be affected. The state Health Department told The Journal in an email that it does not have any numbers.

Dr. Rebecca Brown does not need hard numbers to confirm the prevalence and severity of post-COVID-19 syndrome. As the associate director of Roger Williams Medical Centers division of geriatric and palliative medicine, she has borne witness to it for months with the surviving elderly patients she and the hospital staff treat.

Some experience the fatigue, shortness of breath, mood issues and other lingering symptoms that younger people report. And some, Brown said, emerge from the acute phase having lost their appetites.

You pull them through COVID, get them off oxygen and breathing again, she said. You probably can get them walking again. But if you have somebody who has memory impairment and food doesn't taste like food anymore it's just cardboard in their mouth theyre not going to eat as much as they need to and they lose a lot of weight.

That can precipitate a cascade of negative effects, Brown said. Doses of medications to manage blood pressure, diabetes and other conditions that have worked for years could, with weight loss, suddenly become overdoses.

So with my post-COVID patients I'm following them super carefully and cutting everything way back. Because if you don't watch them really carefully, they could fall and break a hip because their blood pressures are too low or their sugars are too low. Even if you do pull back, their brains are just different. They can't think the way they did and they can't walk the way they did and they're not as careful, and they could trip and fall.

Elderly patients living with depression, schizophrenia and other mental illnesses present additional challenges with their psychiatric medications, according to Brown.

Their moods are not the same. Their personalities can change, she said. As with non-psychiatric patients, adjusting their medications can be fraught with peril, the doctor said.

Dr. Jennie E. Johnson is another practitioner on the front lines of post-COVID-19 syndrome.Associate Medical Director of theInfectious Diseases and Immunology Center atThe Miriam Hospital, Johnson told The Journal that a growing demand for treatment of long-haul patients prompted Miriam to open a specialized clinic late last year. Dozens of people so far have been treated.

We enlisted champions from other departments that could help us, so it's a multidisciplinary program, Johnson said. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, physical therapy and rehabilitation specialists are among those on the team, along with social workers and psychologists. So it's really a full range of services to cover a full range of conditions and symptoms, which is great, the doctor said.

In contrast to Roger Williams, the Miriam team is seeing a lot of younger patients, Johnson said. People who had a more mild course initially but have developed profound fatigue, have exercise intolerance. So whereas before they were college athletes, now they can barely run a mile without having to stop. And this has persisted despite repeated attempts and long attempts to recondition themselves after their initial illness.

Although the precise mechanisms of post-COVID syndrome remain largely a mystery, Johnsons reading of the literature has informed her of possibilities.

Obviously, the virus is gone, she said. But in the wake of SARS-CoV-2, there is all of this immune dysregulation and inflammatory response that the virus kind of stirs up. Is there some sort of low level of that that we don't detect and inflammatory markers that's causing these ongoing symptoms? Again, we don't know. We can just hypothesize.

Like her friend and fellow Bayada employee Deb Crabtree, Elizabeth Torres, 32, has embraced the motto of one day at a time, slow and steady wins the race. A Black Lives Matter activist and licensed practical nurse who is attending the Community College of Rhode Island to become an RN, Torres contracted COVID-19 in November.

As withCrabtree, a headache was among the first symptoms.

At first she thought, Its just a headache, and I went to work that day, but the headache got progressively worse, she said in a virtual interview. The following day, I started having body aches and I had a low-grade fever from there. Also, dizziness and shortness of breath.

Torres isolated but did not require hospitalization, but for about two weeks, she said she experienced overall malaise. … I was fatigued.I was probably sleeping 20 hours a day. I cant even exaggerate that even doing the dishes exhausted me.

Today, she is not experiencing long-haul symptoms, but she says she knows several people, like Crabtree, who are. And she is concernedthat some day she could, too.

You worry that there could be more effects later, she said. I feel like this virus has a mind of its own and does what it wants to whoever it wants.

With her persisting headaches, Crabtree shares that view.

Its a little scary to think that Wow, all of this caused me to have a headache for going on three months now, she said.

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Gunnery Sgt. Julianna Pinder's 16-year Marine Corps career is about to come to an end -- and not by choice.

The combat engineer with the California-based 7th Engineer Support Battalion has spent months fighting for a second look at her reenlistment request. It was denied twice last year over an adverse 2018 fitness report she received after her second daughter was born.

As a staff sergeant based in Okinawa, Japan, Pinder was working to drop her pregnancy weight after her daughter's 2016 birth. The Marine Corps requires women to be back inside height and weight standards within nine months of having a child.

Read Next: The Marines Want a Next-Gen Combat Utility Uniform. Here's What Could Change

But at four months old, Pinder's daughter Lillianna was significantly smaller than other babies her age. Her weight fell in just the 3rd percentile, and the baby's pediatrician diagnosed her with a condition called failure to thrive, which can have long-term effects on an infant's development if not addressed.

Pinder's attention quickly shifted from dropping enough weight to keep her career on track to doing what was needed to keep her daughter healthy. The pediatrician recommended that Pinder breastfeed her baby for at least a year, and she was told to switch to a high-calorie diet and limit her exercise to low-impact options to produce enough milk.

"I had to make the conscious and correct decision to put my daughter's health above my weight loss," she wrote in a three-page letter requesting to have her reenlistment denial reconsidered.

Pinder said her leaders at the time knew about the health issues her child was facing. They could have granted her a waiver to give her more time to get back into fighting weight standards after addressing her baby's needs.

Instead, she was put on the Body Composition Program, or the BCP -- an assignment many in the Marine Corps view as a career killer.

"There were other options," Pinder told Military.com. "They just weren't used."

Story continues

She's now set to leave the Marine Corps on Feb. 10, four years shy of the 20 needed to earn most military retirement benefits. Pinder has taken her case all the way up to the top Marine general. In a letter to Gen. David Berger, the gunnery sergeant cited the commandant's 2019 planning guidance in which Berger wrote that no Marine should be asked to choose between "being the best parent possible and the best Marine possible."

"I did have to choose and I chose to be the best parent possible," Pinder wrote. "... I took responsibility for gaining weight in order to produce breastmilk which is unanimously recommended by pediatricians and proven to be the best form of nourishment for an infant. Considering the reason why I was assigned to BCP, I believe that I was unfairly penalized for choosing my child's life above my well-being.

"Now," she added, "that choice is costing me my career."

'A Woman's Nightmare'

Around the same time Pinder's reenlistment was denied, Courtney Jones checked into the Marine Corps' Warrant Officer Basic Course in Quantico, Virginia. The 18-week course, which falls under The Basic School, is demanding, both academically and physically, as it prepares prior-enlisted Marines to lead as officers.

After nearly 15 years in the Marine Corps, multiple deployments and a special-duty assignment as an embassy security guard, Jones, a former F/A-18 Hornet electrician technician, found out she was pregnant.

She alerted her leadership and got the OK from her obstetrician to continue the course, but she was denied the chance to participate in the physical requirements. Months passed before Jones was told, two weeks out from graduation, that she wouldn't be allowed to complete the course since she didn't meet the physical requirements.

Jones detailed the experience in a Facebook post that has received more than 12,000 likes, shares and comments.

"Afraid of a miscarriage, but scared of not accomplishing my career goals is a woman's nightmare wrapped in one!" she wrote. "Ultimately, I weighed the decision and took the risk! It was the scariest and most dangerous decision I made."

With days left to complete the course, Jones -- three months pregnant -- did a 17-mile land-navigation exercise, ran a double obstacle course that had her jumping over hurdles and climbing ropes and walls, and finished a 5-mile endurance course.

All that was running through her mind, she said, was how hard she'd worked to get to that point in her career.

"I thought about how I had put having a family on hold and met the needs of the Marine Corps for 15 years," Jones told Military.com. "I thought I deserved a family just as much as the next person. I was frustrated that I knew I was physically capable of completing the school [while] keeping my baby, but potentially stunted by my leaders."

There are no policies barring pregnant women from attending courses at The Basic School unless a medical officer determines there's a risk, said Capt. Sam Stephenson, a Training and Education Command spokesman. The Marine Corps' order on pregnancy states that Marines can continue their fitness plans in consultation with their health care provider.

Jones was temporarily exempted from participating in physical fitness events, Stephenson said, "out of an abundance of caution and an initial lack of communication between the medical staff and the instructor staff."

"A few weeks later, upon clarification from the medical staff that Warrant Officer Jones was medically qualified to participate in physical events, her exemption was removed," he said. "The physical events identified were all requirements for graduation and WO Jones was notified that she would have to complete the events to graduate."

If she didn't, he added, Jones would have been required to remain at TBS until she did, or return for the next Warrant Officer Basic Course.

Jones, who's now an avionics officer, had a healthy baby after completing the course. But her experience highlighted what many women in the military have complained about -- that leaders often don't know how to deal with pregnancy and postpartum issues.

While she said she understands the school didn't want to be responsible for putting Jones or her baby at risk, she said officers and senior enlisted leaders need more training.

"Training on policies concerning pregnancy and postpartum can only benefit leaders and the Marine Corps as a whole," Jones said.

Correcting the Record

Pinder said she never received a response from the commandant on her appeal to remain in the Marine Corps. Questions submitted by Military.com to Berger's office were referred to Marine Corps Manpower and Reserve Affairs, which oversees career matters.

"He was my last hope," Pinder said of Berger. "He's the one pushing out the guidance on supporting women ... but his lower generals aren't necessarily adhering to his policies."

Maj. Jordan Cochran, a Manpower and Reserve Affairs spokesman, said Marines who believe they were wrongly assigned to the BCP, or have other discrepancies in their personnel records, should contact the Performance Evaluation Review Board or the Board for Correction of Naval Records.

Pinder said she did that once she realized her BCP assignment hurt her shot at reenlistment. But the process for appeals takes time, which she worries she's out of as her end-of-active-service date approaches.

Cochran said that, as of earlier this month, the Marine Corps had not received any notification from the review boards on Pinder's case.

The service updated its pregnancy order last year. It says that pregnant and postpartum Marines should not be "adversely evaluated or receive adverse fitness reports or evaluations" because of "complications affecting the health of the mother, and/or nursing."

Even before the order was updated, though, Cochran said, "It was never acceptable for any aspect of a Marine's pregnancy to affect their performance evaluation."

The pregnancy order in effect when Pinder had her baby in 2016 said that if a Marine's postpartum exemptions from weight standards are extended due to a unique medical circumstance, the woman should not be placed in the BCP.

"The Marine's [health care provider] would have to qualify the 'unique medical circumstance' and determine that weight gain (or the lack of weight loss) is necessary to effectively breastfeed," Cochran said.

Pinder's daughter's pediatrician submitted a letter on the Marine's behalf explaining she was encouraged to increase her calorie intake to provide enough nutrition for her baby.

"[It] is my medical opinion that GySgt Pinder should have been exempt from the weight standards during those 9 months and never should have been placed on BCP at that time," the Navy doctor wrote.

Junior Marines Take Notice

The Marine Corps has faced significant problems in terms of how women in the ranks are treated.

Women withhold details about their pregnancy or postpartum concerns out of fear of being treated differently, Jones said. Female Marines being told they're lazy or using pregnancy as an excuse to get out of work is not unheard of.

"[It] stems from women having to prove that they belong in the Marine Corps," the chief warrant officer said. "Being pregnant sometimes comes with a negative stigma already and to express any sort of uncomfortableness may put them further apart from belonging."

When Pinder had her first daughter, she said her male colleagues accused her of getting pregnant to avoid deploying.

"It was a horrible feeling," she said, adding that it drove her to deploy twice as a single mom -- first to Iraq in 2008 and then Afghanistan in 2010.

Since becoming commandant in 2019, Berger has pushed for progressive changes regarding parental leave and inclusivity in the ranks. He's interested in lengthening the Marine Corps' maternity-leave policy from 12 weeks to a full year and wants to understand why women and people of color are taking themselves out of the running for command screening boards at much higher rates than white men.

Pinder is currently one of 14 female staff noncommissioned officers in the combat engineer military occupational specialty, and one of just four female gunnery sergeants in the job. The retention rate for female combat engineers is 71%, versus 83% for men in the military occupational specialty, Cochran said.

One NCO who has known Pinder for years said junior Marines -- women and men -- are taking note of what happens to their leaders who have babies. The NCO, who has a 9-month-old and spoke on the condition of anonymity over fears of career repercussions, said she's troubled by the way Pinder's career is ending and wonders whether the same could happen to her.

"She has dedicated her time and her energy, sacrificed for her family, went on deployments, and has paved the road for so many female Marines," the Marine said. "It's all just completely going unnoticed now because of one bad leader who forced her into this position.

"There's not a day that goes by that I ever think that the Marine Corps has my best interest at heart because I am a female," she added.

Pinder said she mentors female Marines in her battalion who are having babies and reviews the pregnancy order with them. Too often, she said she sees women taking their questions to Facebook groups for female service members because their commands don't have the answers.

Jones heard from a lot of women from across the branches when she shared her own story on Facebook. She was grateful for the encouragement she received, but said she was not surprised to hear how many other women experienced something similar.

"I have repeatedly heard, 'If the Marine Corps wanted you to have a family, baby, etcetera, they would have issued you one,'" she said. "That comment alone made me feel bad initially for getting pregnant, as if I didn't deserve to have a family or it was bad timing."

Her experience at TBS will change the way she speaks to Marines about pregnancy, she said. As important as it is to progress in one's military career, Jones says it's just as important to build a family when they see fit.

"Read all the policies and orders ensuring you know your rights," Jones said, "and don't let people's opinions replace the rules."

-- Gina Harkins can be reached at gina.harkins@military.com. Follow her on Twitter @ginaaharkins.

Related: Military Leaders Are Confronting a New Form of Discrimination: Pregnancy Bias

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The workout that melts fat fastest is also one of the quickest, typically taking less than 20 minutes from start to finish. Known as high-intensity interval training or HIIT, it requires you to move fast, very fast for a very short period of time. One researcher goes as far as calling it the "one-minute workout," because one version of this training method amounts to just 60 seconds of intensely strenuous exertion, 20-second bouts broken up by periods of rest, a sequence that's repeated multiple times.

You probably recognize this exercise techniqueas it has been written about here and elsewhere many times. But have you tried it? And, if so, have you done it correctly and endured this rigorous style of exercising long enough to notice results?

HIIT works. A number of studies have shown that short, vigorous workouts improve markers of good health like aerobic fitness, lower blood pressure, and more stable blood sugar. Workouts like HIIT can also burn more calories and reduce more visceral fat than typical endurance exercises like walking, running, and cycling at a moderate pace will when done for an hour or more.

How so? The science is complicated; strenuous exercise triggers certain changes on the molecular level that result in what's known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption or EPOC. In other words, after exercise, you get a metabolic after-burn for about 24 hours where you burn more calories than normal.

More important than weight loss are the aerobic fitness benefits derived from quickie exercise sessions, say researchers. In a groundbreaking study from McMaster University in Canada published in PLOS One, researchers demonstrated that just one minute of intense effort in a 10-minute workout was enough to reap the rewards. In the study, 14 sedentary overweight men and women were asked to do a 10-minute workout on stationary bicycles, pedaling as hard and fast as they could for three 20-second intervals with 2-minute rest periods of slow pedaling in between. With a warmup and cool-down, the entire workout took just 10 minutes, 60 seconds of which was intense effort. After six weeks of these 10-minute workouts done three times a week, the cyclists significantly improved their aerobic capacity by 12% on average, lowered blood pressure numbers, and enhanced other markers of aerobic and muscular fitness. (Related: Simple Ways to Keep Your Heart Healthy.)

That's good news for people who blow off exercising because they say they don't have time to fit it into their busy days. This study proves it takes just one minute of hard work in 10 minutes of your precious workout time.

And it doesn't have to be performed on a stationary bike. Martin Gibala, PhD, professor of kinesiology at McMaster, and one of the lead researchers of the study, says almost any type of exercise can be performed as sprint-style intervals. He wrote a book The One-Minute Workout: Science Shows a Way to Get Fit That's Smarter, Faster, Shorter detailing several ways to incorporate HIIT training into your busy life.

One caveat: Sprint intervals are super, super difficult. People who don't get results most often aren't pushing themselves hard enough, trainers say. It's physically and psychologically challenging. You have to be OK with feeling discomfort.

"I tell people to imagine a bloodthirsty Rottweiler is chasing them and trying to take a bite out of their hamstring run like your life depends on it," says Denver-based personal trainer and fitness writer Eric C. Stevens. He makes another critical point: "To stay motivated at that level of exertion choose an exercise that you love doing. For me that's boxing and martial arts because of the skill set required and the sense of community." (Related: 10 Easy Ways to Burn Fat in 30 Minutes)

But it can be any activityrowing classes, cycling, brisk walking, even resistance trainingany activity where you can push yourself to near exhaustion for short bouts.

Stevens suggests two basic types of sprint intervals to try if you want to sample this super-fast way to get fit. But first, a critical step to avoid injury: Begin each HIIT workout with a total-body dynamic warm-up for three to five minutes, he says. Do arm circles while marching in place, jumping jacks, jump rope, inchworms, anything that gets all your limbs involved and raises your heart rate.

Use a stopwatch or clock with a second hand to keep time. After your warm-up, begin running, cycling, or rowing for 30 seconds at a light intensity. Next, do 20 seconds at a high intensity where you find it difficult to talk in complete sentences. Without resting, go right into a 10-second segment of maximum "rottweiler-in-pursuit" effort. You'll know you're pushing hard enough if you're too winded to speak. Repeat the 30-20-10 sequence four more times, followed by a three-minute cooldown of walking and stretching.

Always begin with a dynamic warmup for three to five minutes. Tabata training follows a 20-10 sequence. You begin with 20-seconds of high-intensity, all-out effort, followed by 10 seconds of rest (very slow pedaling or walking). Repeat the pattern seven more times for a total of four minutes. End with a cooldown.

"You can play with those interval times as long as you are getting the intensity," says Stevens. "Anerobic training takes a monstrous effort. It also feels terrible at times. But if you want the body of a dancer, a gymnast or sprinter, you have to train like one."

Since HIIT is so physically taxing, be sure that you are healthy enough before trying this exercise strategy. Visit your physician for a full physical exam.

Also, note that trainers like Stevens and researchers like Gibala stress that the most effective and efficient way to lose weight and maintain the weight loss is not through exercise but by reducing calories through a healthy diet. If sucking wind isn't for you, you may be interested in Lazy Ways to Lose Weight All Year Long.

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