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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Increasing Demand with Leading Player, Comprehensive Analysis, Forecast 2027 – The Think Curiouser
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Transparency Market Research (TMR) has published a new report titled, Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 20192027. According to the report, the globalTestosterone Replacement Therapy marketwas valued at US$ 1,613.7 Mn in 2018 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 4.4% from 2019 to 2027.
Overview
Growing Awareness about Testosterone Replacement Therapy to Drive Market
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Competitive Landscape
The global Testosterone Replacement Therapy market has been segmented as follows:
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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Increasing Demand with Leading Player, Comprehensive Analysis, Forecast 2027 - The Think Curiouser
Putting the brakes on CBD self-treatments – The Union Leader
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Pop songs about marijuana have been around for decades. Theres Steppenwolfs Dont Step on the Grass, Sam from 1968 and Miley Cyrus Dooo It from 2015. But now that medical and recreational marijuana and CBD (cannabidiol, the active compound in pot) are legal in many states, folks have decided it must be good for health, not just entertainment.
A new study in JAMA looked at a forum on Reddit that has more than 100,000 folks sharing their experiences using CBD. Some claim CBD can treat autism and mental health problems, others tout the chemical for orthopedic discomfort, insomnia and neurological, gastrointestinal, dermatological, oral and ophthalmologic conditions.
Theres scant data on the effectiveness of CBD in treating many of these conditions, so you dont want to ignore proven medical approaches that can improve, and even save, your life.
Unproven use of CBD can cause liver injury, drug interactions and mood changes. Animal studies show CBD can interfere with the development and function of testes and sperm, decrease testosterone levels and impair sexual behavior in males. A new lab study found when pregnant females are regularly exposed to cannabis, their offspring have long-term cognitive deficiencies, asocial behavior and anxiety in adulthood.
However, studies do indicate some CBD benefits for pain, insomnia and two rare forms of childhood epilepsy (the only FDA-approved use).
The bottom line: Dont let CBD fog up your decision-making so that you opt for unhealthy choices for treating serious health issues. Ask your doc if and when it may be appropriate for you.
Mehmet Oz, M.D., is host of The Dr. Oz Show, and Mike Roizen, M.D., is chief wellness officer emeritus at Cleveland Clinic. To live your healthiest, tune into The Dr. Oz Show or visit http://www.sharecare.com.
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Putting the brakes on CBD self-treatments - The Union Leader
The Sell-Off In Myovant Is Unjustified By Fundamentals – Seeking Alpha
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Myovant Sciences (MYOV) had been a solid performer over the last few months until data related to a secondary endpoint from the HERO prostate cancer study was released at the end of September.
Figure 1: Myovant Stock Chart (source: finviz)
Since then, the stock has fallen from over $22 to around $14. The secondary endpoint at issue related to survival in the subset of patients with metastatic disease, meaning it had spread to beyond the prostate to lymph nodes or other organs. While I would have loved to have seen positive data, I viewed that data release as potential add-on upside, not as a make or break for Myovant being a long-term value. In this article, I break down the data we have to date on relugolix in prostate cancer and why the recent negative data doesn't change the overall thesis for the company.
I last published on Myovant about three months ago on August 3. In that article, I discussed how Myovant already had positive Phase 3 results in its three main indications for relugolix.
In particular, I noted how relugolix clearly outperformed the current standard of care drug, leuprolide, in prostate cancer, and I summarized the data showing a potential advantage relugolix could have over already approved elagolix in uterine fibroids.
I also talked about the dynamic of having Sumitomo as a majority owner of the company. I mentioned the balance sheet, and how I was hoping the cash burn rate would drop with several of these Phase 3 trials wrapping up. Finally, I noted that future discounted sales and earnings multiples looked extremely low for a company this close to garnering its first few approvals.
The only thing of substance that has changed since my last article is the data release on whether relugolix was more effective than leuprolide in metastatic prostate cancer patients which was a secondary endpoint in the HERO trial I previously discussed. As a refresher, leuprolide is designed to suppress testosterone levels, and testosterone is a major driver of growth of prostate cancer. Relugolix does the same thing but better at least by every measure that was released prior to September 29. On September 29, Myovant reported that relugolix performed the exact same as leuprolide in these patients with already metastatic disease.
Stated most negatively, relugolix was statistically a wash versus leuprolide in this particular subset. Thats it. There was nothing that undermined the prior data completely setting relugolix apart from leuprolide in terms of both efficacy and safety. I want to run through some of that data here because it very clearly demonstrates why relugolix should be able to rack up large - and likely even blockbuster - sales in prostate cancer alone. Quite simply, its a better mouse trap as compared to leuprolide.
The HERO Phase 3 trial showed this quite clearly because leuprolide was the active comparator in the trial, not a placebo, so the results seen are directly showing the difference between the two drugs.
Figure 2: Current Standard of Care Method of Suppressing Testosterone (source: HERO Study Results Webcast)
Leuprolide actually causes a testosterone spike before beginning to suppress it. This is because initially leuprolide stimulates a testosterone promoting pathway before the main mechanism of action kicks in. Given that testosterone is driving the cancer progression, this is obviously not ideal. Relugolix doesnt have this spike and results in quicker and more complete testosterone suppression.
Figure 3: Chart Comparing Relugolix to Leuprolide on Suppression to Castrate Levels at Day 15 (source: HERO Study Results Webcast)
Relugolix is also much faster acting. As you can see from Figure 3, after just over two weeks of treatment, virtually all patients on relugolix have suppressed levels of testosterone, but almost none have gotten to that point in the leuprolide group. The comparison looks even worse for leuprolide if you assess the proportion of patients that have actually made it to the profound levels of testosterone suppression that are thought to be ideal for treating prostate cancer. When looking at profound suppression rather than just castrate levels, only one percent of leuprolide patients have achieved the level at 15 days versus 78.4% of relugolix patients.
Figure 4: Chart Comparing Relugolix to Leuprolide on PSA Response Rate at Day 15 (source: HERO Study Results Webcast)
Relugolix also shows a much faster effect on PSA which is the standard measure of prostate cancer progression. Men on relugolix had a 4x greater PSA response rate at 15 days versus those on leuprolide. Relugolix also officially achieved statistical superiority over the entire course of treatment with an 8% higher response rate. Men taking relugolix were also demonstrated to have a quicker bounce-back in testosterone levels after cessation of therapy, with most men recovering to normal levels within 90 days versus very few showing a similar recovery on leuprolide. This is obviously important because having low testosterone comes with a plethora of undesirable side effects like low sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and even decreased memory and concentration.
Figure 5: Chart Comparing Relugolix to Leuprolide Over the Entire Course of Treatment (source: HERO Study Results Webcast)
As you can see from Figure 5, relugolix looks favorable to leuprolide at literally every point in time from the start of treatment through the post-cessation bounce-back period. I apologize if it seems like Im being a broken record, but the data released prior to September 29 is really just that one-sided.
Additionally, the safety profile is a critical difference here, too. The initial flare of testosterone levels comes with undesirable side effects. High testosterone has been linked to an increased risk of heart attacks, blood clots, and high blood pressure among other issues. Unfortunately, many of these men also already have comorbidities, so side effects are critical. Figure 6 shows just how common cardiovascular mortality is in prostate cancer patients.
Figure 6: Chart Showing Cardiovascular Mortality in Prostate Cancer Patients (source: HERO Study Results Webcast)
Because these cardiovascular risks are so significant for patients, any difference could be meaningful in adoption of relugolix. Relugolix perhaps shows its greatest difference from leuprolide in the area of adverse events, though. Patients in the relugolix treatment arm were 54% less likely to have a major cardiovascular adverse event when compared to those on leuprolide. Stated differently, more than double the percentage of men taking leuprolide would be expected to have a major cardiovascular adverse event as compared to those on relugolix.
Figure 7: Chart Showing Cardiovascular Adverse Event Comparison Between Relugolix and Leuprolide (source: HERO Study Results Webcast)
Relugolix has amply demonstrated its unique advantages over this current standard of care drug. Of course, finding a unique treatment advantage of relugolix in metastatic disease would have been even better, but the market seems to have lost sight of the fact that leuprolide has that same effect in metastatic patients and managed to sell $1.7 billion at its peak. Relugolix is better all the way around at suppressing testosterone, reducing PSA, and allowing levels of testosterone to bounce back after treatment, but the most important differentiator in my mind is the reduced cardiovascular risk. A 54% reduced risk is huge in a patient population that is already predisposed to such incidents.
Its also worth mentioning here that prostate cancer is the most common cancer in the US and an estimated 200,000 men per year need hormone suppressing therapy like leuprolide, or hopefully relugolix soon.
I couldnt write an article on Myovant without bringing up the unique situation of big pharma Sumitomo owning over 50% of the stock. On top of it being a major vote of confidence in Myovants technology, Sumitomo is providing a huge amount of support, financial and otherwise. At the end of Q2, Myovant had about $100 million in cash, but the company also had a $200 commitment in additional funding from Sumitomo, making its level of committed cash $300 million. In August, Sumitomo extended Myovant another $200 million in low-interest loan funding, bringing Myovants cash on-hand and available through loan commitments to $500 million.
Myovants cash burn rate has been high - about $260 million annualized - but this has already started to drop with the companys three major Phase 3 programs now largely wrapped up. Even if the burn rate stayed that high, which is unlikely also because product sales should start soon, Myovant would still have enough cash to get it through late 2022 before more was needed.
Sumitomo is also providing the support of one of its other portfolio companies, Sunovion. Sunovion is going to distribute relugolix post-approval as a non-exclusive distributor in prostate cancer and an exclusive distributor in the womens health indications. Lastly, lots of other institutional ownership, including Opaleye, speaks to further confidence in the opportunity. Myovant seems much more likely to be a solid value than a value trap at this point.
To wrap up, the data from the HERO trial, when viewed in its totality, strongly supports relugolix's use in prostate cancer because it demonstrates clearly that relugolix is a superior product to leuprolide in terms of both efficacy and safety. Leuprolide had $1.7 billion in peak sales, yet Myovant trades at a $1.32 billion market cap at present. Finally, Myovant has the backing from big pharma Sumitomo to be able to handle a successful product launch. All the way around, Myovant looks like a strong value at present.
This is a delayed release article from my Marketplace Service, Biotech Value Investing. Subscribers received this 30 days ago, but I believe the research is still applicable today. Biotech Value Investing provides in-depth coverage of my approach to finding high-quality, value-oriented companies in the biotech sector. This approach, developed through years of studying the value investing greats, is intended to use the inherent volatility of the biotech sector to my advantage by sticking with high-quality companies for the long-haul and using options to help generate a high compounded return while ensuring optimal entry and exit points. Check us out today with a free trial.
Disclosure: I am/we are long MYOV. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.
Additional disclosure: Im not a registered investment adviser. Please do not mistake this article, or anything else that I write or publish online, as any type of investment advice. This article and anything else that I post online are for entertainment purposes only and are solely designed to facilitate a discussion about investment strategy. I reserve the right to make any investment decision for myself without notification except where required by law. The thesis that I presented may change anytime due to the changing nature of information itself. Despite the fact that I strive to provide only accurate information, I neither guarantee the accuracy nor the timeliness of anything that I post. Past performance does NOT guarantee future results. Investment in stocks and options can result in a loss of capital. The information presented should NOT be construed as a recommendation to buy or sell any form of security. Any buy or sell price that I may present is intended for educational and discussion purposes only. Please think of my articles as learning and thinking frameworks--they are not intended as investment advice. My articles should only be utilized as educational and informational materials to assist investors in your own due diligence process. You are expected to perform your own due diligence and take responsibility for your actions. You should consult with your own financial adviser for any financial or investment guidance, as again my writing is not investment advice and financial circumstances are individualized.
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The Sell-Off In Myovant Is Unjustified By Fundamentals - Seeking Alpha
Why is my sex drive so high? 6 reasons for increased libido and when it might be too high – Business Insider Australia
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While a high libido is often considered healthy, sometimes you might wonder why your sex drive seems higher than normal or has suddenly increased. Here are six reasons why your sex drive may feel unusually high:
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels can vary during your lifetime but also within the course of a day affecting your sex drive along with them.
For women, estrogen levels rise before and during ovulation, causing an increase in sex drive. Meanwhile, high testosterone levels in men have been linked to higher libido. High levels of testosterone are common in younger men and athletes using steroids.
A 2016 report found that being on estrogen therapies, like for menopause or bone loss, may be the reason for a higher sex drive in women. Additionally, if youre taking testosterone with low-dose estrogen therapy for postmenopausal purposes it may also heighten your sex drive.
Those who are younger may have a higher sex drive than older adults. For example, testosterone production increases 10 times in adolescent boys, which explains the increase in arousal or interest in sex at that period in development.
However, middle-aged women may have a higher sex drive than younger women. A 2010 study of adult women found that people between 27 and 45 were more likely to think about sexual activities, have frequent sexual fantasies, a more active sex life, and more intense sexual fantasies than those aged 18 to 26.
One reason your sex drive may be higher than usual is an increase in physical activity or weight loss. A small 2018 study revealed a positive relationship between physical fitness and a higher sex drive. In fact, the researchers found that in women, arousal was heavily influenced by cardiovascular endurance.
Physical activity may make us feel more connected to our bodies and could increase self-image, says Kamil Lewis, a sex and relationship therapist in Southern California. When we feel good about ourselves, were likely to want to engage in partnered sex more frequently.
Some people may experience a boost in libido if they find themselves in a sexual relationship thats more enjoyable than their past ones.
If [sex is] a good and pleasurable experience, then its going to make you want to do more of it. If its a bad experience or its not pleasurable, then a lot of times people will develop an aversion to sex, says Tamika K. Cross, MD, FACOG, an OBG-YN at Serenity Womens Health & Med Spa in Pearland, Texas. Youre going to want more of something that feels good, and thats pleasurable to you.
Your sex drive might be higher than usual because youre experiencing less stress. Higher stress levels release more cortisol your fight or flight hormone which can negatively impact your sex drive, says Cross.
In a small 2008 study, 30 women had their sex drives and cortisol levels measured before and after watching an erotic film. It found that women who had a decrease in cortisol had higher sex drives.
If youve recently noticed a dip in your stress levels, that may also explain an increase in sex drive. Although sex is very physical, its very mental and psychological as well, says Cross.
If you noticed a sudden change in libido it may be because you recently stopped using medication or decreased your dose.Antidepressants, in particular, can negatively impact your sex drive, says Cross. In a 2016 report, 40% of people experiencing sexual dysfunction could attribute it to anti-depressant use.
Other medications that may hinder your sex drive include:
Therefore, if you recently stopped one of these medications, it might explain your higher than normal sex drive. Some people may prefer to discontinue or change a medication because it is impacting their sex life so significantly. Talk to your doctor if you think this may be an issue for you or your partner, as there are many safe alternatives to medications that impact libido.
Just as there is no right amount of sex to be having, no normal sex drive exists. There is a lot of shaming language around those with higher sex drives, says Lewis. People use terms like sex addict and nymphomaniac too often, she says, to describe others who have a natural, healthy sex drive.
Finding partners who have a similar sex drive can be a positive way to explore your sexuality, but if your partner and you have fundamentally different sex drives, that doesnt mean youre incompatible.
However, if your high sex drive is getting in the way of commitments such as work, family, or relationships, you might want to see a sex-positive sex therapist to find support on how to manage your sex drive without shame, says Lewis.
Cross says if you and your partner are not on the same page, as far as sex drive, it can put a stress on the relationship. Receiving help from a sex therapist early on can help you and a partner find a balance that works for both of you.
Reasons your sex drive might be higher include your age, hormone levels, and amount of physical activity. While there is no normal sex drive, if yours begins to interfere with your life, work, or relationships, consider reaching out to a sex therapist or consulting with your doctor.
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Why is my sex drive so high? 6 reasons for increased libido and when it might be too high - Business Insider Australia
The HERO Study Findings Focusing on MACE Results – Bertrand Tombal – UroToday
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Alicia Morgans: Hi, my name is Alicia Morgans and I am a GU medical oncologist and associate professor of medicine at Northwestern University. I am so pleased to have here with me today, Dr. Bertrand Tombal, who is a urologist in Brussels, Belgium. He is here to talk with us about some of the cardiovascular risks from a urologist's perspective of ADT in men with prostate cancer. Thank you so much, Dr. Tombal.
Bertrand Tombal: Thank you. The pleasure is mine. Thank you for asking me to report on the cardiovascular result of the HERO relugolix trial. It's been waited for a long time.
Here is my conflict of interest. I've been interested in an HRH antagonist since the early 2000s. To me, it's like a top now with these new results.
I would like to entitle this based on George Orwell's, Animal Farm quotes, "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others," because I really believe that this is what has been creating confusion around cardiovascular risk.
And what we have observed with the antagonist, is that clearly, and I'm so happy that we are going to speak with a cardiologist later on, are all ADT treatment men equal when vis-a-vis(with regard to) the risk of cardiovascular disease?
As you know, there are some very common mechanisms that we observe in everybody we put on hormone therapy. This is not new. This is a 2006 Matt Smith trial. Basically when you measure lean men's fat mass, actually what is happening is this. And you don't need to be a genius to know that the guy on the right is more at risk cardiovascularly speaking than the original one, David one.
And actually, there has been a lot of discussions. I'm sure we are going to address that with the cardiologist, with a colleague cardiologist, that there is an increase in the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, even cardiac deaths with all forms of hormone therapy, except the anti-androgens.
But this is not what I want to speak about. What I want to speak about is actually what's happening in the subgroup of a patient who has preexisting coronary heart disease. Once again, this is not new. This is a prospective review by Anthony D'Amico in 2009 when they looked at a large number of men treated with brachytherapy plus neoadjuvant hormone therapy. And what is very important is that the hormone therapy duration is very short. It's the median duration of four months. We are not speaking about men on chronic ADT for years. We are speaking about men who are with localized disease, receiving six months of hormone therapy, three to six months, so a median of four months.
And actually, what Anthony shows is that if you have no comorbidities or one CV risk factor, such as hypertension, so basically in terms of all-cause mortality, there is no difference whether you receive hormone or not. But if you have non-coronary heart disease, there was a rapid increase in all-cause mortality happening between one year and two. Something that is happening rapidly in the subgroup of a patient, the group of patients who had previous cardiovascular disease.
Everything is going on, we are like in 2010, that's about the time the FDA and the cardiologists say, "Hey guys, be careful. If you put somebody on the hormone, you are going to have some change in the risk factor." They ask the company to change the inset package, to change the label. They say, "You should warn the physician." That's about the time that degarelix is hitting the market and the company was interested to see whether the cardiovascular side effect was similar between agonist and antagonist. And to be honest, this was actually requested by the FDA. It was not something that came out of the mind of the company of one of the regular advisors, including people you know very well like Neal Shore, like Fred Saad. We were a group of four or five. Actually, they gave the data to another urologist, Peter Albertson, and he asked his own statistician to look at a large group of patients, roughly 2,400 patients, included in six randomized trials, comparing degarelix to either goserelin or leuprolide.
In that study, that is where we started to define a CV event in a kind of a standard way. In that, the initial paper was an event of myocardial ischemia, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, angina pectoris, or coronary artery bypass at baseline. The first observation is that actually in all the degarelix trials, that was roughly 30% of the patients. That was quite a large group. And very interestingly, if you look at the probability of a CV, a cardiovascular event, or death in that subgroup of the patient, it was reduced by more than 50% with a hazard ratio of 0.44. So, everybody says, "Okay, that's the prospective data." Although this was prospectively acquired, one of the big problems is that the CV event was treated as a side effect and not an endpoint. I must say people didn't react quite seriously to this data.
So, then the second piece of evidence came in 2019, roughly seven years later with this very interesting Phase 2 from a guy in Tel Aviv, David Margel, who actually did a proper trial where he randomized in phase 2, 80 men with prostate cancer and preexisting cardiovascular disease. And they were randomized to receive GnRH-agonist or antagonist, relugolix for one year. You see the distribution of the preexisting cardiovascular disease, I guess that would be kind of typical for anybody working in cardiology. But what was very interesting, is the huge difference in the number of CV events in one year. Once again, that kind of concept of even with very rapid onset, something that is happening within one year. So 39, 41 patients, 13 cardiovascular events with the agonist, and only two with the antagonist. And when David looked at the major CV and cerebrovascular events, so MACCE, that include death, myocardial infarction, CVA, and heart catheterization, it was eight versus one. Evidence started building up and people, at least many people, especially in my country start to say, "Oh, we may have something here."
Then came the relugolix trial. Neal Shore and I were the PI's of that trial. When we started working with Myovant, which has the license for relugolix, we said, "Okay, that is interesting but we really would like that you focus also on having a proper evaluation of cardiovascular disease," because we want to be sure that we could eventually repeat what has been seen retrospectively in the relugolix program and by David Margel. This was a typical hormone therapy trial comparing relugolix, which is an oral antagonist, which is given at a loading dose of 360 grams and then 120 grams. And in the control arm, the standard control arm for such trial, which is leuprolide acetate three months [inaudible]. It randomized 934 patients with prostate cancer. And that is a classical primary endpoint of testosterone suppression. This is an absolutely typical disease all ADT drug has been developed.
Very briefly, the drug worked. It is actually suppressing testosterone very well. And interestingly, although it was not really what we expected because this is not really what FDA asked, the primary endpoint not only was met but clearly, relugolix can be called superior in terms of testosterone suppression. But once again, that is not what we are interested in.
So, we started to look in more detail at the adverse cardiovascular event. If you take the whole population, there is a roughly 50% difference between leuprolide and relugolix with 7.1% of the patients in the leuprolide experiencing a cardiovascular event versus 3.9. And actually 6.2 MACE and 2.9 MACE in the relugolix.
But this is a curve. This says the reduction over time. You see once again, something very similar that we saw in the degarelix Albertson data, a reduction of 0.46. And to me, that is something very interesting. It's all consistent, the hazard ratio is. It's always 0.40 something. That to me is really puzzling and making the data quite solid.
And more interestingly is the proportion of patients with MACE and the difference between relugolix and leuprolide because, indeed, in a patient who had a history of MACE, 17.8%, once again, one patient out of five, roughly in the leuprolide group will experience a MACE, and once again, I do insist on a one-year trial because it is the standard duration of this trial, with a hazard ratio of 5.8. In the group of the patients having no MACE, there is still a difference, but you see what is more important I would say is not necessarily the benefit of relugolix, but with the huge amount of patients, the huge proportion of patients who experience a major adverse cardiovascular event, once they have a history of MACE already. Clearly interesting.
Why? I will leave the cardiologist to discuss that. Actually, the short answer is, we have no idea. What we know is that there is a GnRH receptor in T-cells of atherosclerotic plaque, there is an FSH receptor. If you want to see the view of the urologist, you should read that nice paper by David Crawford. That is kind of [inaudible], but to be honest, we do not really have the final explanation.
Instead of making my own conclusion, I would like to read the conclusion of Tia Higano in the editorial of the New England Journal of Medicine, the result of the HERO trial that she said clearly, "To that end, it might be time to consider treating men who have pre-existing cardiovascular risk factor with a GnRH antagonist rather than an agonist even though no level one outcome data exists for the superiority of a GnRH antagonist over a GnRH agonist with respect to cardiovascular events or death from cardiovascular causes. The testosterone suppression data for GnRH antagonists are level one. Therefore it is likely that the anticancer effects of a GnRH antagonist will not be inferior to those of a GnRH agonist and may be beneficial in terms of cardiovascular events that may be life-limiting."
Thank you very much for listening to me.
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The HERO Study Findings Focusing on MACE Results - Bertrand Tombal - UroToday
RUDN University biologist found sex differences in inflammatory reactions in rat pups – Science Codex
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A biologist from RUDN University studied the development of the immune response in prepubertal male and female animals. According to her, the severity and mortality of infectious and inflammatory diseases at this age depend not on the sex hormones, but mainly on the chromosome set or karyotype. The results of the study were published in the Scientific Reports journal.
The amount of sex hormones in an animal's body changes during its life along with the state of its immune system. The correlation between these two processes hasn't been fully understood yet. It is yet unknown how sex hormones affect the immune systems of animals in the prepubertal period (in humans, this term refers to the age from 6-7 to 11-12 years). A biologist from RUDN University was the first to describe the differences in the immune response in prepubertal male and female rats. The results of the study can help find more effective treatment methods for children's diseases and increase the safety of vaccines.
"Understanding the peculiarities of the immune response in prepubertal animals can lead to the development of more effective immunotherapeutic approaches and help minimize the side effects of vaccination in children. That is why we decided to focus on the sex differences in the inflammatory response in prepubertal rats," said Anna Kosyreva, a Ph.D. in Biology, and an Assistant Professor at the Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, RUDN University.
The team used 51 10-day-old rats (21 females and 30 males) in their experiment. 35 of them (12 females and 23 males) were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic structural component of bacterial cell walls, to imitate septic shock--a common complication of severe infectious diseases. The administered dose (15 mg per one kg of weight) is deadly for adult animals but in the pups, the mortality rate amounted to 17% (2 out of 12) in females and 56% (13 out of 23) for males. 24 hours after the injection the team conducted a histological analysis of the lungs, livers, and thymuses of the survivors as well as the pups from the control group that hadn't received an injection. Before and after the injection the biologists measured the levels of the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, as well as corticosteroids (hormones produced only by the adrenal cortex, not the genital glands) in all animals.
According to the team, the sex differences in the immune response to LPS in female and male rats did not depend on sex hormones. However, the progress of the inflammation in males was more severe: the area of liver necrosis in them was seven times larger than in females. Almost all injected pups developed pulmonary edema, but the number of neutrophils (inflammation-targeting cells) in males was 1.5 times higher. This more active inflammatory reaction is likely to be the cause of higher mortality among male rats. This difference could not have been explained by sex hormones. Therefore, the team assumed that the X chromosome could be the case.
The X chromosome contains immune response genes, including the regulators of NF-B--a factor in charge of the synthesis of inflammation mediators. Females have two X chromosomes, one from each parent. If the genes responsible for NF-B turn out to be dominant in one of the chromosomes, it takes over the other, and the dominant genes start to determine the production of inflammation mediators. In such a case, an animal has more chances to effectively fight infections. However, the males don't have this advantage because they only have one X chromosome with a single group of immune response genes.
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RUDN University biologist found sex differences in inflammatory reactions in rat pups - Science Codex
THIS is the best type of exercise for quick weight loss, research says – T3
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With everyone stuck at home thanks to Lockdown 2.0, many people have already started seeing the result of a sedentary lifestyle: weight gain. And although we are still allowed to go outside to exercise, given the awful weather and the fact that it's getting dark sooner, we all wonder: what's the best type of exercise for quick weight loss?
It's not like we don't like exercising. But when it comes to weight loss, we want to do it quickly. No one likes prolonged periods of starvation or going on special diets such as the keto diet or intermittent fasting (as good as they are). We much better follow a live class and burn some calories on the best exercise bikes or on the best rowing machines. But either of these exercises are good for weight loss?
(Image credit: Trion)
Luckily, no need to guess as someone already did the math for us. In a recent study, Ocean Finance looked at 'The Most Time-Efficient Exercises for Losing Lockdown Pounds' and concluded that there is one exercise that rules them all, so to say. As well as that, the research also looked at the 'best value for money' exercise, one that cost the least to invest in when it comes to losing a pound-worth of fat.
Needless to say, the results need to be taken with a pinch of salt. First and foremost, the research assumes that "it takes an average of 3,500 calories burned to lose a single pound", which is at best a dated approach and is based on a 1958 study by Max Wishnofsky. This estimate has been if not debunked but at least challenged a few times in the last half a century.
(Image credit: Getty Images)
Also, even if the '3,500/pound of fat' model would be correct, it is worth noting that people burn fat differently, depending on their biological sex, their age and many other factors. We must appreciate that some corners will need to be cut to be able to present such information in a concise way.
All that said, the research provides some useful data and does a good job in comparing different type of exercises, at least on a theoretical level. Without further ado, here is the chart that showcases how long it takes each exercise to burn one pound of body fat (3,500 calories):
(Image credit: Ocean Finance)
The top five results are as follows:
Evidently, when it comes to fat loss and calories burned, nothing beats moderate to fast sessions on the treadmill! No wonder all the best treadmills sold out pretty much straight away when the OG lockdown started.
Surprisingly, the second best thing to do is to jump on an elliptical trainer and exercise bikes are a close third. This is good news since the best exercise bikes and the best ellipticals are still somewhat available to buy, especially if you look at the right place.
(Image credit: Getty Images)
Looking for an even cheaper way to work out? Calisthenics and circuit training (a.k.a. HIIT) is not far down the list and both can be performed using little to no home gym equipment. If you are up to the challenge, check out the Mike Tyson bodyweight workout or the best bodyweight workout for beginners.
Have one or more of the best kettlebells in your possession? Try the best kettlebell workout or this 2-move kettlebell full body workout.
One more thing we wanted to mention is the last entry on the list, weightlifting (moderate). Although the actual sessions will not burn an awful lot of calories but resistance training is still a great way to lose weight and keep it off.
A 2010 study called "Strength training and weight loss" concluded by saying "strength training can actually help weight loss as an excellent complement to aerobic exercise training and diet. The mechanisms that govern this process are (a) increasing or maintaining their resting metabolic rate, (b) increase in total energy expenditure considering their own strength activity and (c) also the effects related to excessive oxygen consumption after exercise."
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THIS is the best type of exercise for quick weight loss, research says - T3
Alternate day fasting for weight loss: Everything you need to know – Times of India
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Alternate day fasting as the name suggests is a diet where you switch between eating and fasting. Fasting helps by flipping your metabolic switch so that you start burning fat for energy instead of glucose stored in your liver. There are various types of alternate fasting schedules that can fit into your lifestyle. Here are the five most famous types of alternate-day fasting schedule, the benefits and drawbacks of each.
Foods to eat and drink on fasting daysThe calorie restriction for fast days is 500-600 along with which you can have as many zero-calorie beverages as you want. Zero calorie beverages include, coconut water, cucumber drink, green tea, ginger tea, turmeric tea.
One should aim for 50 grams of protein and some low-calorie veggies like a salad with grilled chicken to feel fuller for longer.
If you are a vegetarian, a cup lentil can provide you with 18 grams of protein. As a rule of thumb, per gram protein provides you with four calories.
Foods to eat on non-fasting daysOn non-fasting days, one can eat whatever they want. Studies have found that people who follow alternate day fasting, do not eat too many calories on fasting days. A comparison study found that people following alternate day fasting only consumed 10 per cent more calories on non-fasting days.
BenefitsStudies have found that alternate-day fasting can make one lose 4.5 to 6 kilos of weight in three months, which is more than what's seen with other intermittent fasting regimens that limit eating periods to a certain window each day.
The fasting methods had also shown reductions in blood pressure and insulin resistance. It also promotes autophagy, a deep cellular clean up, which allows the body to get rid of old, damaged cells and replaces them with new ones.
DrawbacksThe diet is not easy to follow. In a study published in 2017 JAMA Internal Medicine, 38 per cent of the alternate-day fasters dropped out, compared to 29 per cent of the regular dieters who restricted calories. People who were fasting gained control over their hunger in 10 days and started feeling energetic on fast days.
Make sure not to fast on two consecutive days.
Foods to eat on fasting daysMake sure to eat at least 50 grams of protein per day. Also, when you fast, drink lots of water to prevent dehydration. It is suggested to eat one big meal at the end of the day and have lesser calorie intake throughout the day.
Foods to eat on non-fasting daysIt is said that healthier the choices, the greater are the benefits. Restrict your intake of processed foods and include more fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean protein.
BenefitsThis method of fasting is less extreme and the weight loss is similar to the above method. If you find alternate day method too tough, you can try the 5:2 method as it seems to have similar benefits as alternate-day fasting.
According to a study published in 2018 in the British Journal of Nutrition, the researchers compared the effect of 5:2 diet with a calorie-restricted diet. It was found that people who followed 5:2 diet, cleaned dangerous blood fats, triglycerides more effectively than people who followed a calorie-restricted diet and didn't fast.
People with high triglyceride levels are at risk of heart attack and stroke. The method also showed a reduction in systolic blood pressure.
Drawbacks
The 5:2 fasting method can also be tough for some people to follow. If you don't diet carefully, you can feel dehydrated and may feel less energetic on fasting days.
Foods to eat on non-fasting daysOn non-fasting days, you can eat what you like. Eating healthy foods is encouraged.
BenefitsPeople who have tried all the methods of fasting say this method is easier to comply with than alternate-day fasting and produces similar benefits in terms of weight loss.
Drawbacks
Just like other methods, it can lead to dehydration if not followed carefully.
You eat breakfast when you get up and then other meals within 12 hours followed by 36 hours of fasting.
The plan has to be followed for the entire week.
Foods to eat on fasting daysYou can drink zero-calorie beverages and a lot of water. You can also take electrolyte supplements to prevent the consequences of electrolyte imbalance, paid heart rate, headache and sometimes even seizures.
Foods to eat on non-fasting daysThere is no restriction, but the healthier choices you make, the greater will be the benefits.
BenefitsA 2019 study published in Cell Metabolism showed that 36:12 fasters consumed 35 per cent less calories and lost around 3.6 kilos in a month. These fasters could even burn fat on feasting day. They showed a decrease in cholesterol, belly fat, inflammation and other positive changes.
DrawbacksThe fasting method can lead to dehydration, fatigue and even fainting.
Foods you can eat on fasting daysOnly zero-calorie beverages and water can be consumed.
Foods to eat on non-fasting daysIt is suggested to eat whole-plant based foods over processed foods. Consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is also encouraged. It is said that once the fast is over, drink juice, introduce solid foods gradually.
BenefitsYou will surely lose weight on this diet plan as you are cutting back on calories. Water fasting for 72 hours before chemotherapy to treat cancer can reduce some of the side effects by protecting normal cells, says a study published in 2016 in BMC Cancer.
Researches also say that the diet benefits people with high bp, diabetes, epilepsy and many other diseases.
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Alternate day fasting for weight loss: Everything you need to know - Times of India
Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Research Report Covers (COVID-19 Analysis) Industry Research, Drivers, Top Trends, Global Analysis And…
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Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Is Reported To Witness A Steady CAGR Irrespective Of Coronavirus Pandemic: Market Data Analytics
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Global Testosterone Cypionate Injection Market Research Report Covers (COVID-19 Analysis) Industry Research, Drivers, Top Trends, Global Analysis And...
Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market- Manufacturers, Recent Developments, Competitive Analysis and Development Forecasts to 2029 – Eurowire
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The Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market study describes the current market size and market forecast, market prospects, main drivers and constraints, regulatory scenario, industry trend, PESTLE analysis, PORTER analysis, new product approvals / launch, promotion and marketing campaigns, pricing analysis , competitive environment to assist companies in decision-making. The data from the study is focused on current and historical market dynamics that assist in decisions related to investment.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy offers fundamental industry overview representing market trends, company profiles, growth drivers, market scope and Testosterone Replacement Therapy size estimation. The valuable Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry insights, type, application, deployment status and research regions are studied. A thorough analysis of gross margin view, trade news, industry plans and policies, constraints are explained. A complete Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry scenario is explained from 2014 to 2019 and forecast estimates are presented from 2020-2029. The productions, industry chain analysis, gross margin structure and deployment models are stated in detail. Top regions analysed in the report include North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa and the rest of the world. The Testosterone Replacement Therapy industry presence and maturity analysis will lead to investment feasibility and development scope.
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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Leading Players (2019-2029):
AbbVieEndo InternationalEli lillyPfizerActavis (Allergan)BayerNovartisTevaMylanUpsher-SmithFerring PharmaceuticalsKyowa KirinAcerus Pharmaceuticals
Market Segment Analysis
By Types:
GelsInjectionsPatchesOther
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HospitalsClinicsOthers
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North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
LAMEA
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