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Weight loss is much more complicated than calorie in and calorie out.

For decades, we have been told that if we just exercised more, ate less (or at least ate everything in moderation) and practiced a bit more willpower, we would finally achieve the weight and body composition of our dreams. Even though more and more we find ourselves exercising consistently, while attempting the next fad diet, the obesity rates still manage to climb. Currently 88% of Americans are metabolically unwell struggling with conditions including but not limited to Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and gout. About 25% of Americans who are normal healthy weight are also metabolically unwell. How could this be? Pretty frustrating, right?

Weight gain is not so much about how much you eat, but more about the kind of food you eat and when you eat it. And the particular types of food the majority of us eat are nutrient-empty and/or inherently addictive even if they might seem healthy at first glance. As a result, we have a population that is super sick, overweight or obese and addicted.

I want you to join me in creating a mindset shift around what the process of weight loss truly is. Weight loss for most people is an addiction recovery process. A process that isnt going to be perfect and one that is going to be met with a lifetime awareness of how your unique emotions, behaviors, habits and genetic wiring impact how you eat, why you eat and how your body responds to that.

When we create this shift of thinking around dropping excess weight and maintaining it, you can now better understand why relapses (weight regain) might happen. There are many metabolic situations that aid in a relapse (Ill save this for a future column), but from an addiction recovery standpoint, simply stated, relapses happen.

The most important thing to recognize is that if you have regained weight from a previous weight loss experience, it is nothing to be ashamed of and is simply part of the learning and adjustment process. A relapse is not the end of the world and only needs to be a brief setback. It doesnt mean that you have failed and it doesnt mean that you will never succeed in the future. It does mean that you have fallen back into old habits and behaviors that dont serve you. If you have regained weight, you need support and accountability to learn from it and to help you move forward in the direction you know you want to go. You must also take serious measures to correct, but with this action and mindset in place, weight gain relapses will diminish in frequency and duration over a period of time.

According to Brooke Feinerman, a Ph.D. in psychology and a part of the Ph.D. Weight Loss advisory board, the most important thing to remember is that change does not happen by simply not eating specific foods; long-term change happens by committing to creating a new life that reflects your goals of living healthy in a peak state. If you do not make changes to overall lifestyle and practice them daily with fortitude, then the things that originally contributed to unhealthy habits and that addiction will eventually catch back up with you.

Feinerman suggests that if you decide to recommit to change, upon doing so, review these questions to see if there are improvements that can be made to help you succeed:

Can you set up a stronger support system or accountability partner? Can you change parts of your lifestyle to further support your healthy life goals? Have you been practicing self-care (such as journaling, a gratitude practice, exercise, enough good sleep and staying connected with loved ones)?Can you educate yourself more deeply about reasons why you might be struggling? Meaning are there additional resources you can find to support your growth and success? Can you explore if there are emotional aspects that result in not sticking with your goals?If food was used as a reward or for fun in social gatherings, can you begin to redefine what fun means to you and how you can cultivate that within your life in non-food-related ways?Can you learn from the setback and reframe it as not a failure but an opportunity for you to get stronger and more confident? Can you celebrate your resiliency and courage in starting again and not giving up? Can you focus on your strengths? Remember, you can do this if you want to, for the rest of your life, simply because you made the decision to.

Ashley Lucas holds a Ph.D. in sports nutrition and chronic disease and is a licensed, registered dietitian. She is the founder and owner of Ph.D. Weight Loss and Nutrition, offering in-office and at-home/virtual weight management and wellness services in the Four Corners. To contact her, visit http://www.myphdweightloss.com or call 764-4133.

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Weight regain: Why it happens and what to do - The Durango Herald

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Reversing type 2 diabetes can restore the pancreas to its normal size and shape, a new study finds.

Previous research found that with remission of type 2 diabetes through significant weight loss, natural insulin-production can return to levels similar to people who have never had diabetes.

The new study is the first to show that reversing diabetes can also affect the size and shape of the pancreas, the researchers said.

The study included 64 people with type 2 diabetes and a control group 64 people without diabetes whose pancreas health was monitored for two years. At the start of the study, average pancreas volume was 20% smaller and organ borders were more irregular in people with diabetes than in the control group.

After five months of weight loss, pancreas volume was unchanged in people with diabetes who'd gone into remission (responders) as well as those who had not. But after two years, the pancreas had grown by an average of one-fifth in responders, but only about 1/12th in non-responders, the findings showed.

Responders also lost a significant amount of fat from their pancreas (1.6%) compared with non-responders (around 0.5%), and achieved normal pancreas borders, the study found.

Only responders showed early and sustained improvement in beta-cell function, which is key to making and releasing insulin. After five months of weight loss, responders were making more insulin and levels were maintained at two years. There was no change in non-responders.

The findings were presented recently at an online annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Research presented at meetings should be considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.

"Our previous research demonstrated the return to long-term normal glucose control, but some experts continue to claim that this is merely 'well-controlled diabetes' despite our demonstration of a return to normal insulin production by the pancreas," said study leader Roy Taylor, a professor of medicine and metabolism at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom.

"However, our new findings of major change in the size and shape of the pancreas are convincing evidence of return to the normal state," he added.

Taylor noted in an association news release that large amounts of insulin cause tissues to grow or at least maintain their size.

"Normally, inside the pancreas the amounts of insulin present after a meal are very high. But in type 2 diabetes this does not happen. This new study suggests that achieving remission of type 2 diabetes restores this healthy, direct effect of insulin on the pancreas," Taylor said.

It's not clear why diabetes remission doesn't occur in all patients who lose weight, said Elizabeth Robertson, director of research at Diabetes UK, which funded the study.

Type 2 diabetes affects one in 11 (415 million) adults worldwide.

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Pancreas Can Return to Normal Size, Shape by Reversing Diabetes - Newsmax

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If ever there was a case of putting two and two together and arriving atanything but four, it's thisbizarre article in today's edition of the Daily Mail.

Referring to the recently launched Road Collision Reporting Guidelines - with road.cc contributor Laura Laker formingpart of the University of WestminsterActive Travel Academy teamthat drafted them - Simon Walters claims the 'campaigners' are "trying to ban the use of the term 'Lycra louts' to describe speeding cyclists". He also says they want to makethe "abuse of cyclists ahate crime", similar to the protections offered to domestic violence victims and refugees.

As outlined by Laker above and inthe proposedRoad Collisions Reporting Guidelines, the team were advised by Impress, and cyclists who simplyfeel insulted won't be able to make formal complaints, unless their safety is at risk. The term 'Lycra lout' is not mentioned at all, and the proposed guidelines on discrimination against a group ofroad users outlined in Guideline 2, clause 2.3 says this:

"A representative group, or an individual, may bring a complaint under this clause. Language that dehumanises is that which is intended to, or is likely to, provoke hatred or to put a person or group in fear. The disputed words, therefore, must be more than provocative, offensive, hurtful or objectionable: this provision includes, but is not limited to, speech that is likely to cause others to commit acts of violence against members of the group or discriminate against them, for example driving with less care, or greater aggression, towards a perceived group of road users."

Walters also claims newspapers would be "gagged from stating if an injured cyclist was not wearing a helmet or high-vis clothing"; in the same way it's best not to mention things that are irrelevant when reporting on just about anything else, then...

Funnily enough the tabloid appear to have deleted the article from their website, but for some reason it's been copied word-for-word on msn.comso you can read all the inaccuraciesfor yourself.

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Eastenders star thanks cycling for dramatic weight loss; Media guidelines for road collisions 'trying to ban the term Lycra lout', says DM article;...

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Studies have shown that significant weight loss, through either metabolic (also known as bariatric) surgery or calorie restriction, may lead to remission in some people who have type 2 diabetes.

William T. Cefalu, MD, director of the NIDDKs Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, discusses type 2 diabetes remission, including recent research into strategies and mechanisms by which people who have diabetes can achieve remission.

Q: What is remission of type 2 diabetes? How do health care professionals define remission and know when a patient has achieved it?

A: People with type 2 diabetes who do not have adequate glycemic control have an increased risk for diabetes complications. Glycemic control is monitored by measuring both blood glucose and blood markers assessing antecedent glycemia such as hemoglobin A1C, which reflects average glucose over the previous months. We define type 2 diabetes remission as having the condition revert to a nondiabetic range as assessed with blood glucose levels or blood glucose markers and staying in that range for at least 6 months when a person isnt taking any diabetes medications.

Its important for both health care professionals and people who have type 2 diabetes to realize that significant weight loss either from lifestyle intervention (i.e., diet and exercise) or from certain procedures can result in blood glucose levels decreasing into the nondiabetic range, and that achieving remission can minimize or prevent future complications.

Q: Why do health care professionals use the term remission rather than cure when discussing type 2 diabetes? What happens to a persons diabetes when he or she relapses?

A: We don't use the word cure when we refer to blood glucose levels reverting back to levels below the threshold used for diagnosis, as you could argue cure means completely alleviating the condition. For example, an acute condition seen with infectious diseases such as bronchitis may be considered to be cured with antibiotics. However, in type 2 diabetes, because blood glucose levels are on a continuum and are significantly associated with weight, it is observed that when weight regain occurs, the glucose levels may increase back to the range associated with diabetes diagnosis. So, the correct term is remission.

Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disorder, and, at one time, we didnt think that weight loss or other interventions could allow people with type 2 diabetes to lower their blood glucose levels into the nondiabetic range and to stay there for an extended period of time without medication. However, we now understand that people with type 2 diabetes who lose significant weight and improve other factors related to diabetes can achieve remission.

With sustained weight loss, people may stay in remission for quite some time. However, if they begin to put on weight, their blood glucose levels can increase and return to the diabetic range. They may need diabetes medications or even insulin with weight regain depending on the severity of their type 2 diabetes and their glucose control.

Q: What strategies can lead to remission of type 2 diabetes?

A: The most important factor in achieving remission is weight loss, and two techniquesmetabolic surgery and lifestyle changes that restrict calories on a daily basis to achieve weight losshave been shown to induce remission.

Some studies, dating back many years, have observed that metabolic surgery leads to high rates of type 2 diabetes remission. Recently, the Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT), conducted in primary care practices in the United Kingdom, examined type 2 diabetes remission rates in participants who lost weight, starting with a very low-calorie diet and sustaining the weight loss over time. DiRECT found high rates of type 2 diabetes remission among people who lost a significant amount of weightmore than 10 kg (about 22 pounds)and sustained the weight loss over 12 to 24 months.

Q: What research is being conducted on remission of type 2 diabetes?

A: Studies have sought to understand the mechanisms of remission. A lot of current research focuses on not only total fat in the body, but also where the fat may be located, referred to as ectopic fat (e.g., fat in the liver and pancreas) that may affect normal physiologic function. This research has led to some very interesting observations about potential mechanisms. Weight loss may improve pancreas function, with better insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes remission.

Q: Are some people with type 2 diabetes more likely to achieve remission than others?

A: Three factors that seem to predict success in achieving remission are significant weight loss, baseline pancreatic function, and diabetes duration.

Significant and sustained weight lossfor example, in the range of 10 kg (about 22 pounds) as shown in some studiesis the most important factor. Studies in which participants lost small amounts of weight have shown lower rates of type 2 diabetes remission. However, studies in which participants lost a significant amount of weightsuch as DiRECT or studies of metabolic surgeryhave shown higher remission rates.

Studies of weight loss through restricting calories or metabolic surgery have found that people with type 2 diabetes who start with greater pancreatic function at baseline, prior to the intervention, are more likely to undergo remission. People who have had shorter diabetes duration are also more likely to undergo remission. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease, and, after a long time with diabetes, pancreatic function may decline over time. Thus, observations suggest that after having diabetes for a long period of time, significantly improving pancreatic function and achieving remission may prove to be more difficult, compared to achieving remission early in the natural history of the disease.

Q: How and when should health care professionals talk with patients who have type 2 diabetes about remission? How can health care professionals help patients achieve remission and sustain it over time?

A: First and foremost, you should emphasize the importance of managing blood glucose levels to minimize the complications of type 2 diabetes whether the patient is or is not on medications. Glycemic control is incredibly important in reducing the risk of complications, and you need to discuss glycemic control and a goal with the patient. In most cases, this means advising patients to keep their A1C level at 7 percent or below to prevent eye, kidney, and nerve complications. While we have very effective medications to lower blood glucose levels, lifestyle interventions (nutrition and exercise) are a cornerstone of managing diabetes. A balanced diet that achieves weight loss not only improves blood glucose levels but also may reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

Patients should also know that obesity contributes to increased blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance and that the more weight patients put on, that may mean they need more medication. It is important that they know if they lose weight and improve their bodys efficiency, they may require less medication. Let your patients know that if they lose enough weight, particularly during the early phases of type 2 diabetes, they will significantly lower their blood glucose, have less risk for diabetes complications, and may be able to achieve remission.

Overall, with significant weight loss through restricting calories or other strategies, patients have a high likelihood of achieving remission, particularly if they have a greater baseline pancreatic function and have had diabetes for a shorter time.

How do you talk with patients about type 2 diabetes remission? Tell us below in the comments.

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Achieving Type 2 Diabetes Remission through Weight Loss | NIDDK - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)

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Sweet potatoes and pomegranates are two healthy and delicious fall foods to add to your weight-loss diet.

Ah, fall the season of apple cider doughnuts, pumpkin spice lattes and hearty casseroles. Throw in the start of the holiday season (hello, Halloween candy!) and it may not seem like the best time of year to buckle down on your weight-loss efforts.

There's good news, though: Autumn is also bursting with nutritious foods that easily fit into a healthy lifestyle. So yes, you can enjoy the flavors of the season and see progress on the scale.

Here are seven of the best fall foods for weight loss and tips for how to enjoy them.

Did you know that keeping a food diary is one of the most effective ways to manage your weight? Download the MyPlate app to easily track calories, stay focused and achieve your goals!

It's fall and that means the store shelves are exploding with all things pumpkin. The sight of this orange gourd may send you spiraling into thoughts of high-sugar coffee drinks, but in its whole form, it's actually an extremely healthy food. Pumpkin is high in beta carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the body a powerful antioxidant.

A half cup of pumpkin also provides 3.6 grams of fiber, which is pretty impressive. The fiber in your diet may be a good indicator of how successful you will be with your weight loss. An October 2019 study published in The Journal of Nutrition concluded that fiber intake helped more individuals stick with their diet plan and that eating more fiber promoted weight loss.

Try adding canned pumpkin to your morning smoothie to get that extra burst of fiber and vitamin A in your day. This Fall Pumpkin Smoothie has 9 grams of fiber and 30 grams of protein a win for crushing morning hunger.

If your fall apple picking outing leaves you swimming in the round fruit, that's a good thing. Like pumpkins, apples are full of fiber (one medium fruit has 4.4 grams), and they're also high in water and phytonutrients, which make them an ideal weight-loss food.

In fact, it might be worth adding an apple a day to your diet. A September 2015 Harvard study published in PLOS Medicine found that individuals who ate certain fruits (apples being one of them) lost weight without making significant changes to their diet. The researchers concluded that high-fiber fruits have a positive effect on weight loss.

Since apples contain fiber on both the flesh and the peel, you want to make sure you are eating both. Try baking your apples and adding in even more fiber with oats and nuts, like these Healthy Stuffed Baked Apples by Kelli Shallal, RD. These are perfect for a weekend breakfast and a great way to jumpstart your fiber intake for the day.

It's no wonder pomegranate arils are often called rubies. Their deep red color shows immediately that they are bursting with nutrients. Indeed, pomegranates have been studied for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

There is no conclusive research to show that pomegranate arils or juice can directly help you lose weight, but they do have an impact on your gut health, and getting your gut healthy can definitely help with your ability to lose weight.

Pomegranates have been shown to increase the growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, two important bacteria in the gut, according to February 2020 research published in Foods.

Try sprinkling pomegranate arils on your morning oatmeal and in smoothie bowls, savory casseroles and salads. Toby Amidor, RD, gives you a burst of fall flavors in her Turkey, Walnut, and Pomegranate Salad, which is sure to become a lunchtime favorite.

Go easy on calorie-heavy toppings like cheese and sour cream to help make chili a weight loss-friendly meal.

Image Credit: OksanaKiian/iStock/GettyImages

Chili the quintessential fall food. While you might not be tailgating this year, this football game staple tells you cooler temps are here. Chili may not be the obvious choice for a food that can help you with your weight-loss goals, but it just might be your secret weapon.

When loaded with vegetables, beans and lean meat, it is the complete package for a balanced dinner with complex carbohydrates and protein, both of which help keep you fuller longer (aka less likely to reach into the cookie jar).

When the air is crisp, try this Vegetarian Chili with Red Lentils from Marie Dittmer, RD. This spicy chili is loaded with vegetables, beans and lentils for a fiber- and nutrient-filled dinner, perfect to keep you on track.

Brussels sprouts are in a family of vegetables called cruciferous vegetables. This family also includes broccoli, cauliflower, kale and cabbage.

Cruciferous veggies may help you lower the inflammation in your body, according to a May 2014 study published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The research indicates that women, in particular, who had higher intakes of cruciferous vegetables had lower markers of inflammation.

If you have chronic inflammation the kind that stays around for a while you may find it harder to lose weight. There is a clear link between weight gain and inflammation, according to Harvard Health Publishing, so lowering inflammation with anti-inflammatory green vegetables like Brussels spouts is a good start.

If you've been hesitant to jump on the Brussels sprouts train, there are a multitude of ways for you to enjoy them. Gone are the days of simply boiling these tiny cabbages. Now, roasting is the way to go. Sharon Palmer, RDN, pairs delicious and warm fall flavors perfect for any weight-loss plan in her recipe for Maple and Balsamic Roasted Brussels Sprouts.

Sweet potatoes are often thought of as a good substitute for the white potato. The truth is, they are both starchy vegetables and both have impressive nutrient profiles. The sweet potato is much less abused when it comes to processing, though (looking at you, french fries and potato chips).

Sweet potatoes are low in calories (103 for a medium size) and have an impressive 15 percent of your daily value of fiber per serving. What makes sweet potatoes an ideal food for weight loss is the water content they're anywhere from 62 to 75 percent water, per a June 2019 review in Food Science & Nutrition. This means they are a satisfying option for meals and you are less likely to overindulge.

Sweet potatoes are a favorite for fall menus, but they don't have to be drenched in butter or slathered in marshmallows to be delicious. There are healthier ways to eat them, such as roasted, mashed or added to your favorite soups.

Sweet potatoes are also delicious stuffed yes, you heard that right. Take the time to bake your sweet potatoes and stuff them with veggie chili, broccoli or try a recipe from Chrissy Carroll, RD, for BBQ Ground Beef Stuffed Sweet Potatoes.

A warm breakfast is always a good idea when the temperatures drop, and oatmeal is an excellent option when you're working to lose weight. It has a special type of fiber called beta-glucan. While beta-glucan may not directly help you lose weight remember it's all about overall diet quality it can help.

Beta glucan is known to help regulate blood sugar and keep you fuller for longer periods of time. This makes it a great addition to all types of diets.

It doesn't matter if you prefer old-fashioned, steel cut or quick-cooking oats, you still get the same nutritional benefit. You can also blend up oats into flour and add them to any recipe that calls for all-purpose flour and doesn't require the gluten for texture, like meatballs or the topping to your apple crumble.

If you choose to buy instant oatmeal packets in the store, opt for the lower sugar choice to control the amount of added sugar in your diet. And keep in mind that making your own flavored oatmeal is so easy and affordable, and it helps you control what exactly goes in your oatmeal.

If you are really wanting to kick fall into high gear, chai flavors will have you curling up under your favorite throw and reaching for your fuzzy slippers. This Chai Spiced Pumpkin Seed Almond Muesli by E. A. Stewart, RD, will make you happy that sweater weather has arrived.

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7 Best Foods to Add to Your Weight-Loss Diet This Fall - LIVESTRONG.COM

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The scientists concluded that HIIT can help in improving the blood sugar levels and can also help in losing weight effectively.

Representational image. Reuters

Diabetes is one of the major health burdens in the entire world. According to the International Diabetes Federation, more than 463 million adults in the age group of 20 to 79 years were living with diabetes in the year 2019.

Among these, a majority of people have been reported to have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the result of reduced insulin sensitivity in the body, which mostly occurs due to excess body weight and physical inactivity.

It is already known that physical activity helps in managing and preventing type 2 diabetes. However, it has been reported that most commonly practised aerobic exercises such as walking or jogging provide only 10 percent to 20 percent improvement in insulin sensitivity.

As per the new study, presented at the annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in September 2020, it was stated that insulin sensitivity, body composition and cardiorespiratory systems of people with obesity along with type 2 diabetes can be improved by combining high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with cycling and rowing.

Determining the effect of HIIT on obese and diabetic people

To determine the effects of HIIT, scientists from the Steno Diabetes Centre Odense, Odense, Denmark, enrolled 48 men in the study and divided them into three groups.

Out of the 48, 15 participants were obese with an average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 31 (kg/m2) and had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The other two groups had non-diabetic participants, out of which 15 were obese with an average BMI of 31 and the rest 18 were lean with an average BMI of 24.

Body mass index, also known as BMI, is a way to measure whether or not a person is overweight or obese. An adult with a BMI that is between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered healthy, between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight and 30 or over is considered obese.

All the participants underwent a highly supervised HIIT programme, which lasted for eight weeks. The participants had three training sessions per week, which were combined with cycling and rowing.

The effects of the training programme were evaluated with the help of Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans to determine the body changes, VO2 max tests to measure the amount of oxygen utilised during the session and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps along with indirect calorimetry to determine insulin sensitivity and metabolism.

The results of the study

In the beginning, people with diabetes showed around 35 to 37 percent reduction in insulin sensitivity as compared with the non-diabetic subjects.

However, after eight weeks of HIIT, the insulin sensitivity in lean men and those with only obesity was 32 to 37 percent on average whereas the average for the diabetic group was found to be 44 percent.

The scientists further found that after the training, the fasting blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes were also reduced. The HbA1c results, which measures the average level of blood sugar over the past 2 to 3 months, also showed a decline.

The body fat mass was reduced by 1.6 to 2.3kg in all three groups.

The VO2max results showed that oxygen utilisation increased by 10 percent in lean and obese people with no diabetes, while it increased to 15 percent in people with type 2 diabetes.

The scientists concluded that HIIT can help in improving the blood sugar levels and can also help in losing weight effectively. It is believed that the short bursts of intense anaerobic exercise with short recovery periods in between may prove to be better for people with obesity and diabetes in managing their condition.

For more information, read our article on High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT).

Health articles in Firstpost are written by myUpchar.com, Indias first and biggest resource for verified medical information. At myUpchar, researchers and journalists work with doctors to bring you information on all things health.

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HIIT along with rowing and cycling can help type 2 d..etes patients lose weight, improve insulin sensitivity - Firstpost

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Contrary to prior understanding, many hormones related to spermatogenesis take longer to recover than previously thought, and up to 3 years in some cases after anabolic steroid misuse, according to a fertility expert speaking at the Royal Society of Medicine webinar series.

Dr Channa Jayasena, consultant in reproductive endocrinology and andrology at Imperial College and Hammersmith Hospital, London, gave a talk on male hypogonadism that he admitted might seem provocative to some people but addresses issues that extend current knowledge. The three key issues discussed were: how quickly can men recover fertility after androgen use; how to assist azoospermic men with Klinefelter syndrome (or XXY) father children; and whether testosterone therapy affects progression to diabetes in obese men.

Dr Jayasena spoke at last weeks 3-day webinar held by the Royal Society of Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes section, entitled, EDN50:What's new in endocrinology and diabetes 2020?

He began by asking how quicky do men who take anabolic steroids recover fertility? "This has never been studied to much extent."

Self-confessed steroid user and reality television star, Spencer Matthews, said in a tabloid newspaper article that the UK is in the grips of an epidemic of anabolic steroid use, Dr Jayasena remarked. "I see men who take anabolic steroids but then they want a baby and want to know whats next?"

The nearest data to understanding recovery from anabolic steroids comes from studies of the male pill, said the andrologist. This involves giving a high level of progesterone to suppress luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone (in effect the male pill), and then giving the men testosterone replacement. A Lancet paper (Liu at al 2006) involving this regimen looked at the time from stopping the male pill to recovery of sperm. It shows that, by 12 months, all participants had recovered some sperm function, with 80% recovering to the pre-treatment semen level, explained Dr Jayasena. "This has long been presumed to be the measure of recovery. However, this does not resonate with reality and the observation that actually there are many people who dont recover within this time frame and take a lot longer, some with azoospermia[semen containing no sperm]," he pointed out.

Another cross-sectional observational study looked at 41 current users of anabolic steroids, 31 recent ( 3 months since last use), and 21 healthy eugonadal men. All were 18-55 years, exercising at least three times a week. "The critical strength of this study is that these men were all clinically indistinct," Dr Jayasena remarked. "This matching of baseline characteristics is critical for interpretation of the data. Due to recruitment issues, weve never had such a good look at recovery in this way before."

The study looked at the reproductive endocrine profiles including the levels of luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and testosterone. In current users, the former two were suppressed and the testosterone level was high, as expected, displaying a hypogonadatropic profile. "Past users and non-users have very similar profiles, suggesting reversible luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone suppression," said Dr Jayasena, adding, "this is really interesting and looking at acne, gynaecomastia, hair loss and smaller testicles all classical features of androgen abuse - appear to persist in many of the men who are past users. Its important we counsel these men that we, the clinicians, are not really clear about how long these side effects will persist."

Results also showed low HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides in users, but not in non-users or past users, and cardiac hypertrophy in users but not past users. "The latter finding is encouraging," Dr Jayasena pointed out.

Regarding fertility, the study by Shankara-Naranya found that when comparing non-users to users of anabolic steroids, it took a mean of 10.7 months for users to recover their luteinising hormone levels to the mean luteinising hormone of a non-user. "But recovery time is highly variable. Luteinising hormone (and testosterone by inference), and sperm concentration seem to recover within a year, with a mean of 10 months, but all the other hormones that are important for spermatogenesis take much longer to recover so follicle stimulating hormone was 20 months, inhibin B was 32 months, sperm motility was 38 months, up to 3 years to recover. This is critical and we didnt know this," reported Dr Jaysena.

"In answer to what is the prognosis for recovery in men after androgen misuse? The endocrine system mostly recovers in the first year but sperm take much longer to recover," he concluded.

Along with Downs syndrome, Klinefelter is the most common chromosomal disorder in men, affecting 1 in 500 men. A total of 90% of those with Klinefelter syndrome are azoospermic, and it has long been assumed to be incompatible with fatherhood.

"Things have changed, and Id like to ask what is the chance of fatherhood for a man with XXY undergoing microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE)?" said Dr Jayasena. "This can be done by dissecting open a testicle and looking for an engorged seminiferous tubule that is likely to be full of sperm," he explained. "If this is confirmed, after some processing, the sperm can be used in intracytoplasmicsperm injection (ICSI)."

It has been known that it was possible for patients with Klinefelter syndrome to father children for the past 20 years, but, asked Dr Jayasena, how successful is it? "Its still an embryonic field," he noted. Referring to a meta-analysis of 37 studies, Dr Jayasena said 40% of men with Klinefelters syndrome had sperm retrieved, and of these 40%, an average of nearly 50% of men had live births after ICSI. But some studies reported 10% and others 90%.

In conclusion, the chances of fatherhood in XXY men undergoing mTESE, is around 20% but a large randomised controlled trial (RCT) is needed to confirm this, said Dr Jayasena.

Finally, the researcher moved on to the third topic of whether testosterone therapy improves the effectiveness of weight loss in men over 50 years with type 2 diabetes. Referring to outcomes of the largest, as yet unpublished, testosterone trial ever, in more than 1000 men by Dr Gary Wittert, from the University of Adelaide, Dr Jayasena described the study.

Most importantly, they did not select men with hypogonadism these results are not valid for hypogonadism because not all men had hypogonadism, explained Dr Jayasena. Two-hour plasma glucose was 7.8 to 15 mmol/l. The men were randomised to Weight Watchers weight loss programme plus placebo versus the same weight loss programme plus testosterone. They also excluded men with high cardiovascular risk, due to a Food and Drug Administration [FDA] unproven concern about cardiovascular risk. "Testosterone may be dangerous in some of these men (59-75 years and obese) in real life," he pointed out.

The paper is currently in review but some preliminary findings were presented at a conference earlier this year. Dr Jayasena says: "If testosterone improves the prevention of type 2 diabetes during weight loss in men without hypogonadism, then that would challenge our understanding of how it works. However, testosterone is still not a treatment to prevent type 2 diabetes,"

To answer the question definitively, said Dr Jayasena, confirmatory data, mechanistic data, and safety data are needed.

COI: Dr Jayasena received an honorarium for speaking during a debate organised by the Society for Endocrinology and sponsored by Besins Healthcare. He has an investigator-led grant by Logixx Pharma Ltd.

Presented at the Royal Society of Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes section, entitled, EDN50: What's new in endocrinology and diabetes 2020? , Day 3. September 23, 2020

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Fort Collins, Colorado The Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market is growing at a rapid pace and contributes significantly to the global economy in terms of turnover, growth rate, sales, market share and size. The Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Report is a comprehensive research paper that provides readers with valuable information to understand the basics of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy Report. The report describes business strategies, market needs, dominant market players and a futuristic view of the market.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Segmentation, By Type

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TheTestosterone Replacement Therapy Marketresearch report thoroughly explains each and every aspect related to the Global Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market, which facilitates the reports reader to study and evaluate the upcoming market trend and execute the analytical data to promote the business.

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Prominent Key Players Covered in the report:

AbbVie Inc., Bausch Health Companies Inc., Allergan, Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC, Pfizer Inc., Endo International plc, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Perrigo Company plc, Cipla Inc., Lupin, Novartis AG, Sun Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd., Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC, among others.

Major Regions as Follows:

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The Objectives of the Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market Report:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 01:Executive Summary

Part 02:Scope of the Report

Part 03:Research Methodology

Part 04:Market Landscape

Part 05:Pipeline Analysis

Part 06:Market Sizing

Market Definition

Market Sizing

Market Size And Forecast

Part 07:Five Forces Analysis

Bargaining Power Of Buyers

Bargaining Power Of Suppliers

Threat Of New Entrants

Threat Of Substitutes

Threat Of Rivalry

Market Condition

Part 08:Market Segmentation

Segmentation

Comparison

Market Opportunity

Part 09:Customer Landscape

Part 10:Regional Landscape

Part 11:Decision Framework

Part 12:Drivers and Challenges

Part 13:Market Trends

Part 14:Vendor Landscape

Part 15:Vendor Analysis

Vendors Covered

Vendor Classification

Market Positioning Of Vendors

Part 16:Appendix

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Testosterone is what separates the men from the boys literally. This sex hormone is naturally produced by the body and plays a big role in the development of male characteristics, although, women produce it too, just in smaller amounts (well talk more about testosterone in a minute). And low testosterone, especially in men, is associated with chronic health issues and even premature death. (1)

Now youre probably wondering what are 8 foods that kill testosterone (since that is the title of this article). But we want to make one thing clear, there likely isnt a single food that will kill testosterone levels. However, its a no-brainer that a low-quality diet will affect health, and therefore lower test levels.

Although, there are some foods that may not be the worst, but that studies have shown to be associated with lower testosterone levels.

So, weve provided those studies below, but take them with a grain of salt regarding the extent to which they show certain foods to negatively affect test levels. Moderation is usually key as with a lot of things and we realize that. We also suggest getting your test levels checked if you suspect that you have low levels, then possibly change/improve your diet if you believe your nutritional habits may not be as healthy and balanced as it could be.

Alright, lets get into these 8 foods that kill testosterone (potentially).

Theres no debate here. Delectable treats, sugar drinks, junk foods, fast foods, highly-processed low-quality meats, and anything in between tend to make up a concerning portion of the typical American diet.

These foods are loaded with calories, simple sugars, saturated fat, sodium, and low-quality protein that, when consumed in excessive amounts over a prolonged period, are not conducive to good health.

Its well known that consuming a lot of refined carbohydrates and saturated fats is associated with obesity, Type 2 diabetes/reduced insulin sensitivity, high cholesterol/blood pressure, and other common health concerns. But having chronic health issues tends to throw the body out of homeostasis and so its easy to see how testosterone levels are affected.

In fact, one scientific review from 2018 found that individuals who prefer Western-style foods and eat out a lot are more likely to have more visceral fat, less muscle mass, low serum total T levels, and a higher chance of developing hypogonadism (lack of testosterone production) (2).

While its not necessarily a sin to have dessert, pizza, ice cream, and all of the mouth-watering options that have become a part of our daily or weekly diet, these foods are likely to contribute to lower test and over time, bad health.

Related: 5 High-Carb Foods To Avoid And Their Healthy Alternatives and Carb Cycling Calculator

Who doesnt like to enjoy an alcoholic beverage every now and then? Well, its likely not an issue unless youre consuming it on a regular basis. And actually, moderate wine consumption, more specifically red wine, can be beneficial for your health. Research has shown that wine can provide disease-fighting antioxidants (polyphenols) that can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, causes of death.

But it can even widen blood vessels, therefore, improving high blood pressure, cholesterol (also increases HDL cholesterol), and preventing heart disease. Plus, it has shown to have beneficial properties for supporting health overall (3, 4).

However, too much alcohol is a bad thing and one of the top causes of mortality in the world. Overconsumption over a prolonged period can negatively overall health that will consequently affect hormone levels.

According to health.gov, women can safely have up to one drink per day while men can safely have up to two drinks per day. But it really depends on the type of alcoholic beverage since they do vary in alcohol content. So, youll want to check health.gov or any authority link to determine an appropriate amount for you (5).

Now as far as alcohols effects on testosterone, research is mixed. So much so in fact, that according to one study, acute alcoholic intoxication was shown to increase testosterone in women, and decrease levels in men. And this seems to be the case in other studies as well, implying that gender and sexual maturity could be a factor (6, 7).

But more studies need to be carried out to better investigate the relationship between varying alcoholic doses and lowered testosterone levels.

While studies in humans are limited, the possibility of soy lowering testosterone levels has always been a concern.

Common soy food products include soy, tempeh, soy milk, soy protein drinks. These foods are known to contain phytoestrogens that have been associated with having estrogenic effects in the body, therefore causing reduced testosterone levels in men especially (8).

In one study of thirty-five men, individuals who consumed both low and high-isoflavone soy isolate protein for 57 days experienced decreased DHT and DHT/testosterone with minor effects on other hormones (9).

However, in contrast, one review of studies determined no negative effects on testosterone levels in men (10).

Therefore, more studies are needed for conclusive evidence on the potential effects of soy on testosterone levels. But its important to note that some research has suggested that soy could potentially have less than desirable effects in the body without altering hormones and that theyll go away when you stop consuming it.

If you suspect that soy is having certain effects on your body, you might want to switch to something else or get medical advice.

But if its working for you, theres no need to stop eating soy, especially since it has a big role in the typical vegan diet.

Not all foods with the name vegetable are good for you apparently. Vegetable oils such as canola, peanut, corn, and soybean could contribute to lower testosterone. But its important to note that these oils contain polyunsaturated fats that are liquid at room temperature unlike saturated fats, and are typically deemed good for heart, brain, and other improvements in health (11).

However, like several of the options on our list of foods that kill testosterone (potentially), healthy doesnt necessarily mean a certain food wont mess with testosterone levels.

In some studies, consuming polyunsaturated fats on a frequent basis resulted in decreased testosterone levels. Although, more studies are needed to come to a better conclusion on the potentially negative effects of polyunsaturated fats where it relates to T levels due to relatively smaller sample sizes tested (12, 13).

We should also mention that because oil is high-calorie by nature, consuming too much of it could contribute to weight/fat gain that compromises fat in itself. Moderation is key once again.

Nuts also contain polyunsaturated fats like vegetable oils, and although several varieties contain beneficial nutrients, consuming certain nuts in higher amounts can increase levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that binds to testosterone. That may sound like a good thing but SHBG is linked to lower free testosterone levels (14).

Almonds and walnuts may be culprits but there needs to be more research to learn which nuts may have the most negative effects on testosterone levels.

Flaxseed is a nutritional food that provides good fats (Omega-3s), fiber, that supports good digestion, and nutrients to support overall good health. Not to mention, it contains lignans that may help to reduce cancer and other health factors (15, 16, 17).

But you know the drill it has been associated with a decrease in testosterone levels.

And actually, both lignans and Omega-3 fatty acids contained in flaxseed may cause a reduction in T levels. Lignans cause testosterone excretion after binding to it in the body and in a study of 78 women with PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome), who took 3g/d Omega-3s for eight weeks,testosterone concentration was significantly lower. (18, 19).

Theres also a study where men with prostate cancer experienced a significant reduction in serum and total testosterone levels after taking 30g/day of flaxseed and eating a lower-fat diet (20).

There are a few other studies that saw similar results.

Read: Healthy Fats The 7 Functional Fatty Foods You Can Eat For Fat Loss

Mint? Were not saying you have to throw your dinner mints and gum in the trash if you want gains.

But according to research, mint may be one of those foods that kill testosterone.

A study found that high levels of spearmint has an adverse effect on fertility in adult male rats, not to mention, there are a few studies on rats that found the same effects (21, 22, 23).

Another study found involving 42 women with PCOS found that the group who drank spearmint tea over 30 days experienced a significant reduction in testosterone (24).

Theres isnt much research in men but these are interesting studies.

Licorice root is used in food products such as candies, tobacco products, and other food items. Today its used to treat a variety of ailments such as digestive issues, menopause, and viral infections.

One study showed a 26% decrease in mean testosterone in 25 healthy adult men in just a week after consuming 7g/d. And there was a similar result in a study of women who took 3.5g/d and saw a decrease of 32% following a menstrual cycle (25, 26).

Related: 7 Ways To Boost Your Testosterone Naturally also check our top pick for Best Testosterone Boosters.

We hope our list of 8 foods that kill testosterone gave you some insight into nutritional choices that may be worth limiting. There are some interesting studies that have found negative associations between some foods and lower testosterone levels. But well admit that for many of these foods, there needs to be more research to come to any definitive conclusions.

Our best piece of advice is to use your best judgment, keep track of your nutritional choices, and if youre concerned about your testosterone levels, have them checked.

1. Mederos, Michael A.; Bernie, Aaron M.; Scovell, Jason M.; Ramasamy, Ranjith (2015).Can Serum Testosterone Be Used as a Marker of Overall Health?.Reviews in Urology.17 (4): 226230.ISSN1523-6161.PMC4735669.PMID26839520.

2. Hu, Tzu-Yu; Chen, Yi Chun; Lin, Pei; Shih, Chun-Kuang; Bai, Chyi-Huey; Yuan, Kuo-Ching; Lee, Shin-Yng; Chang, Jung-Su (2018-11-16).Testosterone-Associated Dietary Pattern Predicts Low Testosterone Levels and Hypogonadism.Nutrients.10(11).doi:10.3390/nu10111786.ISSN2072-6643.PMC6266690.PMID30453566.

3. Copetti, Cristiane; Franco, Fernanda Wouters; Machado, Eduarda da Rosa; Soquetta, Marcela Bromberger; Quatrin, Andria; Ramos, Vitor de Miranda; Moreira, Jos Cludio Fonseca; Emanuelli, Tatiana; Sautter, Cludia Kaehler; Penna, Neidi Garcia (2018-03-01).Acute Consumption of Bordo Grape Juice and Wine Improves Serum Antioxidant Status in Healthy Individuals and Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production in HumanNeuron-Like Cells.Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism.2018.doi:10.1155/2018/4384012.ISSN2090-0724.PMC5852837.PMID29686894

4. Pavlidou, Eleni; Mantzorou, Maria; Fasoulas, Aristeidis; Tryfonos, Christina; Petridis, Dimitris; Giaginis, Constantinos (2018-08-08).Wine: An Aspiring Agent in Promoting Longevity and Preventing Chronic Diseases.Diseases.6(3).doi:10.3390/diseases6030073.ISSN2079-9721.PMC6165230.PMID30096779

5.Appendix 9. Alcohol 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines | health.gov.health.gov. Retrieved2020-10-01.

6. Frias, J.; Torres, J. M.; Miranda, M. T.; Ruiz, E.; Ortega, E. (2002-03).Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on pituitary-gonadal axis hormones, pituitary-adrenal axis hormones, beta-endorphin and prolactin in human adults of both sexes.Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire).37 (2): 169173. doi:10.1093/alcalc/37.2.169.ISSN0735-0414.PMID11912073.

7. German, J. B.; Walzem, R. L. (2000).The health benefits of wine.Annual Review of Nutrition.20: 561593. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.561.ISSN0199-9885.PMID10940346.

8. Jargin, Sergei V. (2014-12-15).Soy and phytoestrogens: possible side effects.GMS German Medical Science.12.doi:10.3205/000203.ISSN1612-3174.PMC4270274.PMID25587246.

9. Dillingham, Barbara L.; McVeigh, Brianne L.; Lampe, Johanna W.; Duncan, Alison M. (2005-03).Soy protein isolates of varying isoflavone content exert minor effects on serum reproductive hormones in healthy young men.The Journal of Nutrition.135 (3): 584591.doi:10.1093/jn/135.3.584.ISSN0022-3166.PMID15735098.

10. Hamilton-Reeves, Jill M.; Vazquez, Gabriela; Duval, Sue J.; Phipps, William R.; Kurzer, Mindy S.; Messina, Mark J. (2010-08).Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis.Fertility and Sterility.94 (3): 9971007.doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.038.ISSN1556-5653.PMID19524224.

11. Publishing, Harvard Health.The truth about fats: the good, the bad, and the in-between.Harvard Health.Retrieved2020-10-01.

12. Nagata, C.; Takatsuka, N.; Kawakami, N.; Shimizu, H. (2000).Relationships between types of fat consumed and serum estrogen and androgen concentrations in Japanese men.Nutrition and Cancer.38 (2): 163167. doi:10.1207/S15327914NC382_4.ISSN0163-5581.PMID11525593.

13. Volek, J. S.; Kraemer, W. J.; Bush, J. A.; Incledon, T.; Boetes, M. (1997-01).Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise.Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985).82 (1): 4954.doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.49.ISSN8750-7587.PMID9029197.

14. Selby, C. (1990-11).Sex hormone binding globulin: origin, function and clinical significance.Annalsof Clinical Biochemistry. 27 ( Pt 6): 532541.doi:10.1177/000456329002700603.ISSN0004-5632.PMID2080856.

15. Selby, C. (1990-11).Sex hormone binding globulin: origin, function and clinical significance.Annalsof Clinical Biochemistry. 27 ( Pt 6): 532541.doi:10.1177/000456329002700603.ISSN0004-5632.PMID2080856.

16. Mason, Julie K.; Thompson, Lilian U. (2014-06).Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components: can they play a role in reducing the risk of and improving the treatment of breast cancer?.Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition Et Metabolisme.39 (6): 663678.doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0420.ISSN1715-5320.PMID24869971.

17. Demark-Wahnefried, Wendy; Polascik, Thomas J.; George, Stephen L.; Switzer, Boyd R.; Madden, John F.; Ruffin, Mack T.; Snyder, Denise C.; Owzar, Kouros; Hars, Vera; Albala, David M.; Walther, Philip J. (2008-12). Flaxseed Supplementation (not Dietary Fat Restriction) Reduces Prostate Cancer Proliferation Rates in Men Presurgery.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.17 (12): 35773587.doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0008.ISSN1055-9965.PMC2703189.PMID19064574.

18. Adlercreutz, H.; Hckerstedt, K.; Bannwart, C.; Bloigu, S.; Hmlinen, E.; Fotsis, T.; Ollus, A. (1987).Effectof dietary components, including lignans and phytoestrogens, on enterohepatic circulation and liver metabolism of estrogens and on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG).Journal of Steroid Biochemistry.27(46): 11351144. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(87)90200-7.ISSN0022-4731.PMID2826899.

19. Nadjarzadeh, Azadeh; Dehghani Firouzabadi, Razieh; Vaziri, Niloofar; Daneshbodi, Hoorieh; Lotfi, Mohammad Hassan; Mozaffari-Khosravi, Hassan (2013-8).The effect of omega-3 supplementation on androgen profile and menstrual status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine.11 (8): 665672.ISSN1680-6433.PMC3941370.PMID24639805.

20. Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Price, D. T.; Polascik, T. J.; Robertson, C. N.; Anderson, E. E.; Paulson, D. F.; Walther, P. J.; Gannon, M.; Vollmer, R. T. (2001-07).Pilot study of dietary fat restriction and flaxseed supplementation in men with prostate cancer before surgery: exploring the effects on hormonal levels, prostate-specific antigen, and histopathologic features.Urology.58 (1): 4752.doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01014-7.ISSN1527-9995.

21. Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Price, D. T.; Polascik, T. J.; Robertson, C. N.; Anderson, E. E.; Paulson, D. F.; Walther, P. J.; Gannon, M.; Vollmer, R. T. (2001-07).Pilot study of dietary fat restriction and flaxseed supplementation in men with prostate cancer before surgery: exploring the effects on hormonal levels, prostate-specific antigen, and histopathologic features.Urology.58 (1): 4752.doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01014-7.ISSN1527-9995.PMID11445478.

22. Sampaio, Francisco J. B. (2004-07).Effects of peppermint teas on plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels and testicular tissue in rats.International Braz J Urol: Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology.30 (4): 350351.ISSN1677-5538.PMID15679984.

23. Sadeghi Ataabadi, Mahmood; Alaee, Sanaz; Bagheri, Mohammad Jafar; Bahmanpoor, Soghra (2017-12).Roleof Essential Oil of Mentha Spicata (Spearmint) in Addressing Reverse Hormonal and Folliculogenesis Disturbances in a Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in a Rat Model.Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin.7 (4): 651654. doi:10.15171/apb.2017.078.ISSN2228-5881.PMC5788221.PMID29399556.

24. Grant, Paul (2010-02).Spearmint herbal tea has significant anti-androgen effects in polycystic ovarian syndrome. A randomized controlled trial.Phytotherapy research: PTR.24 (2): 186188. doi:10.1002/ptr.2900.ISSN1099-1573.PMID19585478.

25. Armanini, D.; Bonanni, G.; Mattarello, M. J.; Fiore, C.; Sartorato, P.; Palermo, M. (2003-09).Licoriceconsumption and serum testosterone in healthy man.Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes: Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association.111 (6): 341343. doi:10.1055/s-2003-42724.ISSN0947-7349.PMID14520600.

26. Armanini, Decio; Mattarello, Mee Jung; Fiore, Cristina; Bonanni, Guglielmo; Scaroni, Carla; Sartorato, Paola; Palermo, Mario (2004-10).Licorice reduces serum testosterone in healthy women.Steroids.69 (1112): 763766. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2004.09.005.ISSN0039-128X.PMID15579328.

Written by Matthew Magnante.Medically reviewed by: Dr. Malik, DPT.

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